1. The Enlightenment in Europe

2. Objectives
Explain the ideas of Hobbes and Locke and other enlightenment philosophers
Describe women in the enlightenment
Explain the legacy of the Enlightenment

3. Remember Understand Apply Analyze Create
Enlightenment
Social contract
John Locke
Philosophe
Voltaire
Montesquieu
Rousseau
Mary Wollstonecraft
The differences and reasoning behind Hobbes and Locke’s views on government.
How Enlightenment ideas can be examined from more than one perspective
What responsibilities we have as citizen according to the philosophes
What aspects of the enlightenment do we see in America today?
What rights would you be willing to give up for protection under the a government?

4. The Enlightenment prompted the reevaluation of old ways and notions of society.
They started to look for new ways of thinking in
Government
Religion
Economics
Education

5. Two Views on Government
Thomas Hobbes Social Contract
Lived through English Civil War
Believed all people were naturally wicked/selfish
Thought people should give up certain rights to the government and strong rule
Total control was need to keep citizens under control
In exchange they gained law, order, and safety
Absolute Monarchy was his choice of government

6. Two Views on Government
John Locke’s Natural Rights
Though people were could learn and better themselves
Favored self-government
People are born free and equal with natural rights
Life Liberty Property
Governments job is to protect those rights
If they fail, the people should overthrow
Power of the government comes from the people

7. The Philosophes Advance Reason
Philosophes believed that reason could be applied to all aspects of life
Truth could be discovered through logical thinking
Reason
What was natural was good and reasonable
Nature
Rejected medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and seek well-being on earth
Happiness
Stressed that society and human kind could improve
Progress
Called for liberties that the English had gained in the Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights
Liberty

8. Voltaire Combats Intolerance
Francois Marie Arout uses the pen name Voltaire
Publishes 70+ books of
Political essay
Philosophy
Drama
Uses satire to attack
Clergy
Aristocracy
Government
Exiled to England for 2 years
Imprisoned twice by the French Monarchy
“I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

9. Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers
Believed England had the best form of government
Executive
King
Judicial
Judges
Legislative
Parliament

10. Rousseau: Champion of Freedom
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Committed to personal freedom
Believed civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness
Only way was a direct democracy
Rousseau’s social contract
Free individuals create a society and a government
Nobility should be abolished

11. Beccaria Promotes Social Justice
Cesare Bonesana Beccaria
Laws should preserve social order, not just avenge crimes
Spoke out against
Torture
Irregular processing in trial
Cruel punishment
Long trials
Capital punishment

12. Women in the Enlightenment
Many enlightenment thinkers “forgot” about women
Mary Wollstonecraft
Argued that education for women should be equal
Women should be in fields such as
Medicine
Politics

13. Legacy of the Enlightenment
Though the philosophes were not revolutions, their ideas inspired many to become ones
Belief in progress
Growth in knowledge quickened
Importance of individual
People began to look to themselves
A more secular outlook
Began to question the teaching and belief of the church
Also tried to rid religion of superstition and fear