1. Chapter 22 Section 2 Study Guide The Enlightenment in Europe

2. Influence of the Scientific Revolution ► Thinkers began trying to apply reason and the Scientific Method to  Government  Economics  Crime & punishment  Education

3. Thomas Hobbes ► All people are naturally selfish and wicked ► People need strong gov't to be □ 'ed away ► We give up our individual freedoms in return for security  aka the "social contract"  e.g. we pay taxes ► The best gov't is an absolute monarchy  Efficient, promotes order

4. John Locke ► People aren't that bad  We can learn from mistakes ► a + view of human nature ► Locke in three steps  People are born with "natural rights" ► "life, liberty, and property"  The purpose of gov't is to protect these rights  If gov't doesn't protect these rights, the people may change or overthrow it ► The "consent of the governed"

5. Baron de Montesquieu ► French nobleman ► "Power should be a check to power"  Separation of powers ► "checks and balances"  Opposed to absolute monarchy

6. Cesare Bonesana Beccaria ► Believed laws existed to preserve order in society  NOT to get revenge for crimes ► He opposed torture, cruel punishments, capital punishment  U.S. Constitution protects us against "cruel and unusual" punishment

7. Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) ► Uses satire to poke fun at government, law and Church in France ► Fights for:  Tolerance  Reason  Freedom of Religion  Freedom of Speech ► Opposed to intolerance, superstition, prejudice

8. Jean Jacques Rousseau ► Individual freedom ► Civilization corrupts man's natural goodness  “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains” ► Freedom destroyed when strongest force laws (civilization) on everyone else

9. Mary Wollstonecraft ► "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" ► Argued in favor of women getting an education

10. Impact of the Enlightenment ► Western civilization (which includes the U.S.) changed as a result:  A belief in progress as a possible thing, a positive thing, an inevitable thing  A secular outlook on life  A belief in the value of the individual