1. The Enlightenment in Europe
Chapter 22
Section 2

2. Key Terms Enlightenment Social contract John Locke
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Baron de Montesquieu
Philosophies
Voltaire
Mary Wollstonecraft

3. The Age of Reason 1600’s a new generation of philosophers
Reason could solve human problems
Enlightenment- age of reason, time of optimism and possibility

4. The Age of Reason
People gathered in public and coffee houses to debate ideas
Writers published ideas in books and magazines
1700’s Paris was the center for intellectual activity
Salons-Parisian women hosted gatherings of philosophers, artists, and scientists

5. Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes-wrote Leviathan said people were selfish and greedy
In a natural state people were “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”
People needed government

6. Thomas Hobbes
People would agree to give up some freedoms in exchange for peace and safety
Social contract-exchange between society and the government
Absolute monarchy first form of government

7. John Locke People are naturally happy, tolerant, and reasonable
He argued all people are born equal
Natural rights of life, liberty and property
Purpose of government is to protect peoples rights

8. John Locke Said monarchs were not chosen by God
People consented to be governed
Governments power to be limited by laws
If government failed to protect their rights, people should overthrow it
Inspired revolutionaries in Europe and the Americas

9. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
French philosopher
Believed people were born good
Society corrupted people
Social Contract wrote “man is born free but everywhere is in chains”

10. Jean-Jacques Rosseau
Believed government should work for the common good
Not for the wealthy few
Individuals should give up some freedoms to benefit the country as a whole
Despised inequality in society
Also inspired revolutionaries

11. Baron de Montesquieu
Separation of powers led to a checks and balance system
Became an important structure in later democratic governments (USA)

12. Baron de Montesquieu
Best form of government included a separation of powers
Prevent one group from abusing its power
The Spirit of Laws – admiration for British government and its separation of powers

13. Voltaire Combats Intolerance
Voltaire- outspoken French Philosopher
Attacked injustice
Nobility
Church
government
Struggled for religious toleration and justice

14. Adam Smith Used reason to analyze economic systems
1776 The Wealth of Nations
Business activities should take place in a free market
Laissez-faire economics- economic system without government regulation

15. Beccaria promotes Criminal Justice
Laws existed to promtoe social order
Criticized abuses of justice
Torturing witnesses
Irregular procedures at trials
Punishments that were arbitrary and cruel

16. Beccaria Promotes Criminal Justice
Person has a right to a speedy trial
Torture should never be used
Punishment based on the crime
Capital punishment should be abolished
Influenced laws in Europe and North America

17. Mary Wollstonecraft Rejected that women are just wives and mothers
1792 wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
If men and women had equal education, then they would be equal in society

18. Legacy of Enlightenment
Theories inspired revolutions
France, United States
Long term effects shaped Western Civilization
Growth of scientific knowledge
Success of Scientific Revolution gave people the confidence that reason could solve social problems

19. Later, Times and Places Challenged beliefs in absolute monarchy
Relationship between the church and state
Roles and rights of people
Human reason could solve any problem

20. Later, Times and Places
Ideas of power and authority would inspire ideas and revolution
American colonies would break away
Strongly influenced by Locke and Rousseau