1. Do Now (Silent Work) Turn your DBQ response into the box
Pick up a sheet of construction paper and one marker from the back table
Fold your paper into thirds so you have 3 columns
Then, fold your paper in half hotdog style
Your paper should look like the example on the board
***The first 5 people to finish will receive 3 extra points on their midterm***

2. The Enlightenment in Europe

3. The Age of Reason 1600’s a new generation of philosophers
Reason could solve human problems
Enlightenment- age of reason, time of optimism and possibility

4. The Age of Reason
People gathered in public and coffee houses to debate ideas
Writers published ideas in books and magazines
1700’s Paris was the center for intellectual activity
Salons-Parisian women hosted gatherings of philosophers, artists, and scientists

5. Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes-wrote Leviathan said people were selfish and greedy
In a natural state people were “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”
People needed a powerful government

6. New Views on Government
People would agree to give up some freedoms in exchange for peace and safety
Social contract-exchange between society and the government
Absolute monarchy first form of government

7. John Locke People are naturally happy, tolerant, and reasonable
He argued all people are born equal
Natural rights of life, liberty and property
Purpose of government is to protect peoples rights

8. John Locke Said monarchs were not chosen by God
People consented to be governed
Governments power to be limited by laws
If government failed to protect their rights, then people should overthrow it
Inspired revolutionaries in Europe and the Americas

9. Philosophes- period in France
1. Reason- enlightened thinkers believed truth could be discovered thrugh reason and logical thinking
2. Nature- The philosophes believed that what was natural was also good and reasonable

10. 3. Happiness- rejected the medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urges people not to seek well- being on earthe
Progress- stressed that society and humankind could improve
Liberty- for the liberties that the English people had won in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights

11. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
French philosopher
Believed people were born good
Society corrupted people
Social Contract wrote “man is born free but everywhere is in chains”

12. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Believed government should work for the common good
Not for the wealthy few
Individuals should give up some freedoms to benefit the country as a whole
Despised inequality in society
Also inspired revolutionaries

13. Baron de Montesquieu
Best form of government included a separation of powers
Prevent one group from abusing its power
The Spirit of Laws – admiration for British government and its separation of powers

14. Baron de Montesquieu
Separation of powers led to a checks and balance system
Became an important structure in later democratic governments (USA)

15. Voltaire Combats Intolerance
Voltaire- outspoken French Philosopher
Attacked injustice
Nobility
Church
government
Struggled for religious toleration and justice

16. Voltaire Combats Intolerance
Francis Marie Arouet- his pen name was Voltaire
Imprisoned for making fun of an official
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

17. Beccaria promotes Criminal Justice
Laws existed to promtoe social order
Criticized abuses of justice
Torturing witnesses
Irregular procedures at trials
Punishments that were arbitrary and cruel

18. Beccaria Promotes Criminal Justice
Person has a right to a speedy trial
Torture should never be used
Punishment based on the crime
Capital punishment should be abolished
Influenced laws in Europe and North America

19. Mary Wollstonecraft Rejected that women are just wives and mothers
1792 wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
If men and women had equal education, then they would be equal in society

20. Legacy of Enlightenment
Theories inspired revolutions
France, United States
Long term effects shaped Western Civilization
Growth of scientific knowledge
Success of Scientific Revolution gave people the confidence that reason could solve social problems

21. Adam Smith Used reason to analyze economic systems
1776 The Wealth of Nations
Business activities should take place in a free market
Laissez-faire economics-economic system without government regulation

22. Later, Times and Places Challenged beliefs in absolute monarchy
Relationship between the church and state
Roles and rights of people
Human reason could solve any problem

23. Later, Times and Places
Ideas of power and authority would inspire ideas and revolution
American colonies would break away
Strongly influenced by Locke and Rousseau