Participles

Verbal adjective Verb acting as adjective *will not be main verb of sentence Adjective characteristics: Modifies a noun Case, gender, number Verb characterisctics: Tense, voice Can have DO or IO

4 types of participles

Present active participle “verb-ing” Identify if the –ing word is a participle I am walking. She sees a man running. The flying birds are pigeons. I love sleeping. I see dogs sleeping.

Perfect passive participle “having been verb-ed” or “verb-ed” Identify if there is a participle The wounded man is sleeping. The man, having been seen, tries to run. I pushed him. The cart pushed by the lady is green. Soldiers often fight, having been trained to do so.

Future active participle (no English equivalent) “about to verb” Identify the participle I see the man about to fall. People are about to dance! I told a story about fish. The cow, about to moo, will be my dinner.

Future passive participle (no English equivalent) “must be verbed” usually should add “who/which” in translation She is the girl [who] must be loved. We saw the books [which] must be read.

Sample sentences We watch the rising sun. She helped the wounded man. I saw a dog sleeping. The book, having been read by us, was abandoned. The cats, about to eat tuna, spotted mice. I see men chasing girls. N.B. participles sometimes form participial phrases

Adjective Review 2 kinds of adjectives 1st/2nd declension (bonus-a-um) 3rd declension acer, acris, acre fortis, forte ingens, ingentis  pres. act. part. Agree with noun they modify in… Case, gender, number, and MAYBE declension

Translation/Formation Active Passive Present x Perfect Future “verb-ing” 1st + 2nd conjugations: Present stem + -ns, -ntis 3rd + 4th conjugations: Present stem + -ens, -entis “having been verb-ed” or “verbed” 4th principal part  us-a-um what are the three tenses what are the two voices “must be verb-ed” 1st + 2nd conjugations: Present stem + -ndus –a -um 3rd + 4th conjugations: Present stem + -endus –a -um “about to verb” 4th p.p. –us +urus-a-um

x Examples Amo, amare, amavi, amatus Habeo, habēre, habui, habitus Active Passive Present x Perfect Future Amans, amantis -- loving Habens, habentis -- having Dicens, dicentis -- saying Audiens, audientis -- hearing Amo, amare, amavi, amatus Habeo, habēre, habui, habitus Dico, dicere, dixi, dictus Audio, audire, audivi, auditus Amatus –a –um – having been loved Habitus –a –um – having been held Dictus –a –um – having been said Auditus –a –um – having been heard Amaturus –a –um – about to love Habiturus –a –um – about to hold Dicturus –a –um – about to say Auditurus –a –um – about to hear Amandus, -a, -um – must be loved Habendus –a –um – must be held Dicendus –a –um – must be said Audiendus –a –um – must be heard

x Practice Porto, portare, portavi, portatus – to carry Pono, ponere, posui, positus – to put, place Active Passive Present x Perfect Future Portans, portantis – carrying Ponens, ponentis – putting Portatus –a –um – having been carried Positus –a –um – Having been put Portaturus-a-um About to carry Positurus –a –um About to put Portandus –a –um Must be carried Ponendus –a –um Must be put

Present Active Participle Declines in 3rd declension Often creates participial phrase with direct object or prep phrase Draw arrow to word participle is modifying + translate Video puellam dormientem. I see the girl sleeping/I see the sleeping girl Puella dormiens videt. The sleeping girl sees Dormiens puellam video. I, sleeping, see the girl

Present Active Participle Draw arrow to word participle is modifying AND identify participial phrase + translate Video militem currentem ad hostem. I see the soldier running to the enemy Vir, currens ad militem, est malus. The man, running toward the soldier, is evil Vir et hostis, currentes a milite, sunt boni. The man and the enemy, running from the soldier, are good Milites hostem pugnantes sunt fortes. The soldiers fighting the enemy are brave Pugnantes militem hostes non currebant. The enemies fighting the soldier were not running

Perfect Passive Participle Declines like a 1st/2nd declension adjective Very very very common; usually has a prep phrase Draw arrow to word participle is modifying + translate Video donum portatum I see the gift having been carried Donum mihi datum habeo I have a gift having been given to me Amatus a matre sum laetus I, having been loved by my mother, am happy

Perfect Passive Participle Continued Draw arrow to word participle is modifying + translate Amatum a me donum est in agro. The gift, having been loved by me, is in the field Donum a amico datum videmus. We see the gift having been given by a friend Dona ab omnibus amata in agro sunt. The gifts having been loved by all are in the field

Future Participles Both decline like 1st/2nd declension adjectives Not very common Usually should be translated with a who/which Puer amicum laudaturus ambulavit in viā. The boy, about to praise his friend, walked in the road Puer ab amicum laudandus ambulabit in agro. The boy [who] must be praised by his friend will walk in the field Homines multum portaturi currebant. The people, about to carry much, were running. Homines portandi currere non possunt. The people [who] must be carried aren’t able to run

Practice Sentences Remus, videns sex aves, dixit, “Vinco!” Remus, seeing 6 birds, said, “I win!” Sed Romulus, videns duodecim aves, vero vicit. But Romulus, seeing 12 birds, really won. Romulus, incipiens murum facere, erat laetus. Romulus, starting to make his wall, was happy. Sed Remus furens murum fratris deridebat. But Remus, raging, mocked his brother’s wall. Romulus, cito movens, fratrem gladio necavit. Romulus, moving quickly, killed his brother with a sword.

PPP Practice Romani a barbarīs petiti ducem volunt. The Romans, having been attacked by barbarians, want a leader. Vir a senatoribus vocatus ad Curia venit. The man, having been called by the senators, comes to the senate house Dux a legatīs inventus hostem superavit. The leader, found by the messengers, overcame the enemy. Hic, ab omnibus amatus, ad eius agrum ivit. Quis est? This man, loved by all, went back to his farm. Who is this man?

ANY QUESTIONS?