1. December 1 st, 2011

2.  Last declension.  Feminine nouns with the exception of Dies (day) which is masculine.  Declines like other nouns; Find the stem by taking the genitive; then add appropriate endings.

3. CaseRes, Rei – “Thing” (Fem.)Dies, Diei –”Day” (Masc.) NomResDies GenReiDiei DatReiDiei AccRemDiem AblReReDie NomResDies GenRerumDierum DatRebusDiebus AccResDies AblRebusDiebus

4.  The place where an event occurred is usually indicated by an ablative with a preposition (i.e. in = “in, on.” or sub = “under.”).  In magna casa vivunt = “They live in a large house.”  Cf. Wheelock, pp. 142-3 for summary of uses of the ablative case.

5.  Participles = Verbal Adjectives (i.e. adjectives with a verbal character).  i.e. The barking dog frightened the children.  Latin has four participles: The present active, the future active, the perfect passive, the future passive (aka-the gerundive).

6.  Present Active and Future Passive formed on the present stem.  Present Active = Present Stem + “-ns, -ntis.”  Future Passive = Present Stem + “-ndus, -nda, -ndum.”  Future Active and Perfect Passive formed on the Participial Stem (i.e. 4 th Principal Part).  Future Active = Participial Stem + “-urus, -ura, -urum.”  Perfect Passive = Participial Stem + “-us, -a, -um.”

7. TenseActivePassive Present:Agens, Agentis______________ Perfect:_____________Actus, Acta, Actum Future:Acturus, Actura, ActurumAgendus, Agenda, Agendum

8.  Because participles are verbal adjectives they have a gender, number, and case and so decline.  Future Active, Perfect Passive, and Future Passive all decline like Magnus, Magna, Magnum.  Present Active declines like third declension nouns (i.e. Potens, Potentis).  Cf. Wheelock, pp. 148-9.

10.  As adjectives participles must agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case (i.e. Divitiae viro amato dabatur – “Riches were given to the beloved man.”).  Can stand on their own in place of a noun (i.e. as a noun – substantive). (i.e. Divitiae amato dabatur – “Riches were given to the beloved man.”).

11.  As verbs participles can take direct objects and other verbal constructions.  i.e. Patrem in casa videntes, puella et puer ad eum cucurrerent – “Seeing their father in the house, the boy and girl ran up to him.”  Tense of participles are always relative to the main verb (i.e. refer to actions done at a point in time relative to the action of the main verb).  Cf. Wheelock, p. 149.

12.  A trick process; context is crucial.  Present Active = “-ing” (i.e. laudans = praising).  Future Active = “about to -, going to -.” (i.e. Laudaturus = About to praise, going to praise).  Perfect Passive = “-ed, having been –ed.” (i.e. Laudatus = Praised, Having been praised).  Future Passive = “about to be –ed, going to be –ed.” (i.e. Laudandus = About to be praised, going to be praised.).

13.  Pay close attention to context and the tense of the participle relative to the main verb.  Often best rendered in English as a relative clause.  Commonly rendered in: A temporal sense (i.e Laudata…. = When she had been praised); A causal sense (i.e. Laudata….=Since she had been praised); A concessive sense (i.e. Laudata….=“Although she had been praised).  Context the only effective guide.  Cf. Wheelock, pp. 150.