1. Perfect Passive Participles An adjective made from a verb

2. P.P.P. Perfect: it has already happened Passive: action has happened to the noun Participle: an adjective made from a verb

3. The 4 th principal part of a verb Portatus – carried, having been carried Doctus – taught, having been taught Missus – sent, having been sent Captus – seized, having been seized Auditus – heard, having been heard

4. In a sentence… It acts like any other adjective, describing a noun or as a substantive Agrees in case, number, and gender with any noun in the sentence BUT it can be accompanied by prepositional phrases between the noun and participle

5. Translate: Mater liberorum amissorum ad casam properabat. Mater liberorum in silvā amissorum ad casam properabat.

6. Ablative of agent a / ab in a prepositional phrase with anything passive takes on the meaning by This use of ab with a passive is called ablative of agent It expresses the doer/agent of the action

7. Translate: Rex captus servos liberavit. Rex a barbaris captus servos liberavit.

8. Translate: Verba facta audietis. Verba a magistrā facta audietis.

9. Translate: In viā munitā ambulabimus. In viā a Romanis munitā ambulabimus.

10. Other Participles There are also present active participles: In English: the jumping frog In Latin these are made by adding –ns (genitive: -ntis) to the present stem of verbs They are declined as 3 rd declension adjectives Rana ambulans equum currentem vidit.

11. Other Participles There are also future active participles: In English: the frog about to jump In Latin these are made by adding –ur- before the ending of the p.p.p. They are declined as 1 st -2 nd declension adjectives Rana ambulaturus equum cursurum vidit.

12. The Mystery Have you noticed that some verbs list the future active participle instead of the p.p.p. as the 4 th principal part? Why do some verbs not have a p.p.p? Extra credit bonus points if you email me the answer.

13. Translating participles in clauses Instead of translating a p.p.p. as having been carried you can turn that one word into a whole clause using one of the following words to start it: Who When After Since Because Although

14. Aspect of time When participles are translated as clauses, they take on aspect of time. They only exist relative to the tense of the main verb in the sentence. Past participles have happened before the main verb. Present participles happen at the same time as the main verb. Future participles will happen after the main verb.

15. Translate: Rex a barbaris captus servos liberavit. The king, after he had been captured by the foreigners, freed the slaves. The king, since he had been captured by the foreigners, freed the slaves. The king, although he had been captured by the foreigners, freed the slaves. The king, who had been captured by the foreigners, freed the slaves.