1. Participles are: Verbal Adjectives Verbs that retain some of their “verbness” Transformed into adjectives. These hybrids now function grammatically as adjectives.

2. How do we make these cool hybrids everybody’s asking First we decide on the breed of hybrid we want: Perfect Passive Participles Present Active Participles Future Active Participles First, we’ll focus on Present Active

3. Let’s make Present Active Participles! Remember: participles are verbs transformed into adjectives, so we start with a verb do,dedi,dare,datum Present Participles use the present stem of the verb, so we begin with the 2 nd principle part: dareda and we drop the “-re” from the end

4. Like all participles, present participles are adjectives, so they decline like adjectives. To the present stem, we add the letters “-ns” in the nominative singular dans For other cases, we add the letters “nt” to the stem and then the endings for 3 rd declension adjectives dantis

5. Declension of a Present Participle Masculine / Feminine SingularPlural Nom.dansdantes Gen.dantisdantium Dat.dantidantibus Acc.dantemdantes Abl.dante/dantidantibus Neuter SingularPlural Nom.dansdantia Gen.dantisdantium Dat.dantidantibus Acc.dansdantia Abl.dante/dantidantibus Present participles decline like 3 rd declension adjectives: **3 rd io and 4 th conjugation verbs have the “ie” vowel combination – i.e. fugio becomes fugiens

6. Warning! io verbs (3 rd IO & 4 th ) have 2 stem vowels (i and e) just like they do in the imperfect so capio, capere, cepi, captus looks like: Masculine / Feminine SingularPlural Nom. capienscapientes Gen. capientiscapientium Dat. capienticapientibus Acc. capientemcapientes Abl. capientecapientibus

7. Translating Present Participles To translate a Present Participle, we just add – “ing” to the verb So, if the verb is peto, petere = to seek the participle, petens, is “seeking” So, if the verb is amo, amare = to love the participle, amans, is “loving”

8. So, Present Participles are really EASY!!! All Present Participles are EASY to spot because they have the letters “ns” or “nt” just like in the word “present”! Let’s try this out... Puer matri rosas dans est pius. The boy, giving roses to his mother, is good.

9. Remember: participles are verbs transformed into adjectives. As adjectives, they follow the same rules as other Latin adjectives. That means they have to agree with the nouns they modify in Case, Number, and Gender. Puer matri rosas dans est pius. = The boy, giving roses to his mother, is good. In our example dans is the adjective modifying puer. Both are Nominative, Singular, Masculine.

10. Remember participles are verbs transformed into adjectives. But unlike other adjectives, participles can still do verb-like things. They can still have direct and indirect objects. Let’s give our participle a direct object so we can try this out! Puer matri rosas dans est bonus. = The boy, giving roses to his mother, is good.

11. Matres filios laudantes sunt felices. The mothers, praising their sons, are happy. Barbillus operas mercatorem vexantes habet. Barbillus has thugs annoying the merchant. Vir servīs crocodilos interficientibus hastas dedit. The man gave spears to the slaves killing crocodiles. Let’s try some more sentences

12. Let’s review:Participles are VerbalAdjectives We transformed verbs into adjectives, and now they act like adjectives while retaining some of their “verbness” As adjectives, participles decline like adjectives and follow the rules that all other adjectives follow. Because they used to be verbs, participles still take direct and indirect objects.