Rise of Nation-States & the Crusades OUTLINE Spread of Christianity Rise of Nation States France England Germany Crusades IDENTIFICATIONS Capetians William the Conqueror Battle of Hastings (1066) Otto I Crusades

Spread of Christianity

France, 12th Century

The Capetians ( ) Hugh Capet (Ruled: ) In 987, permanent shift of the kingship from the Carolingians to the Capetians Hugh was determined to make the crown hereditary Had eldest son ‘associated’ to him, i.e. recognized as heir by noblity

Emergence of England Achieves political unity much earlier than France 1066, crisis develops when Edward the Confessor dies Edward named Harold II (Godwinson) as his successor Rival is William, duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror, William I) Battle of Hastings (1066)

William I ( ) Centralized kingdom Placed Norman order upon England William was the first ruler to show how feudal principles could be used as the foundation for a strong, centralized monarchy

Medieval Germany Contrast with England & France Elective monarchy Elective monarchy Local feudal lords retained significant power in Germany Local feudal lords retained significant power in Germany Hindered attempts at achieving a unified nation-state Hindered attempts at achieving a unified nation-state

Germany in the Middle Ages

Germany, 12th century

Medieval Germany Otto I ( ) – –Crowned Emperor 962 – –Refounded the Holy Roman Empire Otto II (d. 987) Otto III (d. 1004) Henry III (r ) – –Imperial control over the Church is at its apex

Clunaic Reforms and Medieval Society Church Reform in the 11 th and 12 th centuries Church Reform in the 11 th and 12 th centuries –Gregory VII ( ) –Investiture conflict with Emperor Henry IV Papacy of Innocent III ( ) Papacy of Innocent III ( ) Impact of Emphasis on Spirituality: New Orders Impact of Emphasis on Spirituality: New Orders –Carthusians (1084) St. Bruno –Cistercians (1098) Robert of Molesme High Medieval Society (ca.1000–1300) High Medieval Society (ca.1000–1300) –Cathedral building (Romanesque to Gothic)

Church Reform in the 11 th & 12 th Centuries Practices criticized Practices criticized –Investiture –Simony –Clerical marriage, “Concubinage” The Monastery at Cluny (910) The Monastery at Cluny (910) Papal Support: Leo IX and Nicholas II Papal Support: Leo IX and Nicholas II –Election Decree (1059) Gregory VII ( ), Henry IV ( ) and the Investiture Struggle Gregory VII ( ), Henry IV ( ) and the Investiture Struggle –Canossa (1077)

Spread of Islam (7th & 8th cent.)

First Crusade ( ) Byzantine Empire under attack from Muslim Turks 1071 – Battle of Manzikert, Turks capture Jerusalem 1094 – Alexis I appealed to Pope Urban II for help 1095 – Urban II’ speech at Clermont 1096 – Peasants’ Crusade 1096 – Official crusade launched 1099 – Crusaders capture Jerusalem

First Crusade ( )

Second Crusade (1147–49) 1144 Muslims defeat Europeans at Edessa, which motivates the 2 nd Crusade (1147) Preached by Bernard of Clarivaux Poor decisions lead to disaster for the crusaders Crusades now included an expansionist mission in addition to a pilgrimage Origin of Military Orders: Templars, Hospitalers, Teutonic Knights

Third Crusade ( ) Muslim leader Saladin reconquers Egypt and most crusading states 1187 – Battle of Hattin. Jerusalem surrenders, which precipitates the 3 rd Crusade Jerusalem surrenders, which precipitates the 3 rd Crusade Byzantium makes a pact with Saladin Crusade disintegrates through lack of cooperation

Fourth Crusade ( ) Pope Innocent III organizes crusade under papal auspices Crusaders never reach the Holy Land Diverted by Venetians Byzantium victim of the 4 th Crusade Cause: dynastic intrigue & greed 1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople

Crusades