India and Africa

India ► No longer a British colony after WWII ► India is divided by a Partition to separate Hindus and Muslims due to civil war ► Hindus get India and Muslims get Pakistan (new nation)

► Indian independence was led by the non- violent protest of Mahatma Gandhi ► New Prime Minister of India was Jawaharlal Nehru ► He adopted British political model – parliamentary ► Economic model was based on British Socialism ► Taken together it is know as democratic socialism ► Foreign Policy was anti-colonialism and antiracism

Taj Mahal – Agra, India

India & Pakistan ► Violence between the two nations continues even today ► They fight over the region named Kashmir ► It is a problem for the world, b/c both are now nuclear powers ► By 2035 India will be the most populated nation on Earth

Independence movement in Africa Pan- Africanism – a concept of continental unity that transcended national boundaries Africans were to think of themselves as “African” rather Than an association with their country. European Colonialism – with end of WWII many European Countries come to see self-determination for Africa as important

Ghana, Africa ► Was a British colony pre WWII ► Kwame Nkrumah led the people to independence thru strikes & boycotts in 1957 ► Nkrumah is named president of Ghana for life and worked to create education, roads, hospitals, etc. ► Programs cost too much money and the military took over in 1966 ► Power in Ghana goes back and forth b/t military and political powers to this day

Ghana’s Independence Arch – Accra, Ghana

Kenya, Africa ► Gains independence from Britain in 1963 by way of war ► Jomo Kenyatta becomes President ► He failed to unite the various ethnic groups and so did his successor ► Many are hungry and homeless today

Mount Kenya

Algeria, Africa ► Gains independence from France in 1962 through a war ► Ahmed Ben Bella becomes first President ► they try to modernize the nation – but are unsuccessful ► 1990 – Islamic fundamentalists want to make Algeria a Muslim nation but the old leaders would not give up power ► Civil war erupted and continues to this day

Sahara Desert - Algeria

Congo, Africa ► Granted freedom by Belgium in 1960 – civil war raged until 1965 ► Mobutu Sese Seko rules as a dictator from 1965 until 1997 when he lost a civil war ► Seko called the nation Zaire ► 1997 – Laurent Kabila takes over and promises democracy – renames nation Democratic Republic of the Congo ► Democracy never came – by 2000 civil war breaks out again and continues off and on

Congo River – Democratic Republic of Congo Congo River – Democratic Republic of Congo

Nigeria, Africa ► Africa’s most populous nation and one of the richest ► Civil war between three major ethnic and religious groups occurred on and off between 1970 and 1998 ► 2000 – first free election in the nation ► Govt. is trying to create reforms and to boost their economy with oil profits ► In 2001, they asked for the US to forgive their $30 billion debt so they could concentrate on rebuilding their own nation ► Civil unrest still exists here between Muslims, Christians, and Animists

Nigerian National Mosque – Abuja, Nigeria

South Africa, Africa ► a former British and Dutch colony ► a small white minority ruled over a large black majority ► 1948 – apartheid laws are passed to separate the races ► – violence between races grew to an emergency level – 600 students were killed in 1977 for protesting racial school policies

South Africa, Africa ► 1980s – many nations stop trade with South Africa due to the racial laws there ► the nation is banned from the Olympics ► 1989 – new president F.W. de Clerk is elected and brings change ► racial laws are eliminated and free elections open to all races happen in 1994 ► Nelson Mandela (a black civil rights leader is elected) but resigns in 1999

Nelson Mandela

South Africa, Africa ► 1996 – new constitution with Bill of Rights like that of the US ► problems today include some of the world’s highest murder and rape rates, 40% unemployment, 60% poverty, and the AIDS epidemic

Table Rock – Cape Town, South Africa

Cape Town, South Africa

Apartheid in South Africa ► apartheid is the complete separation of races ► 1959 – blacks were sent to live in “homelands” or reserves away from whites ► blacks made up 75% of population but only got 13% of the nation’s land ► govt. created separate schools, hospitals, and neighborhoods ► it led to the nation being “snubbed” by other nations of the world ► did not end until 1996

1994 South African Elections

Africa Today - Darfur ► Civil War rages in the nation of Sudan ► Corrupt govt. officials are making no real effort to stop the violence ► Jinjaweed group constantly attacks villages all over the nation in order to get rid of one ethic group ► There are now over 2 million people turned into refugees in Darfur, Sudan.

Darfur, Sudan - Africa

Africa Today ► main problems include  hunger  poverty  AIDS  civil war & ethnic war ► 315 million people – that’s 50% of the population of Africa survive on less than one dollar a day ($365 per year) ► 1 in 5 people in Africa have electricity ► 15 out of 1000 have a phone line ► 7 or 8 people out of 1000 have the Internet

Africa Today

► 184 million people (33%) of people in Africa suffer from malnutrition ► 300 million Africans do not have access to safe water ► Less than 50% of Africa’s population has access to hospitals or doctors

Africa Today