1. Issues In African Nations
Pan-Africanism = A movement for African independence and a united states of Africa

2. Ghana first African colony south of Sahara to achieve independence
Kwame Nkrumah leader of nonviolent movement for independence from GB in 1947
1. organized strikes and boycotts
2. was imprisoned many times by British
B. Ghana independent in 1957
1. Nkrumah first prime minister then
president-for-life
2. New roads, schools, expanded health care
facilities
a. Industrialization, health and welfare
programs and educational facilities = cost
too much
3. Opposition to Nkrumah increased

3. C. 1966 the Army and Police in Ghana seized power
1. struggles between civilian and military rule began
D country held first open elections

4. II. Rwanda Made up of two groups: 1. Hutu (85%) – lower class
2. Tutsi (14%) – upper class
B. Became a mandate colony of Belgium after WW I
1. Indirect control
2. Tutsi in administrative positions
3. Racial identity cards issued

5. C. Gained independence in 1962 from Belgium
1. conflict between the two groups for the next 30 years
2. Hutu in power = systematic discrimination against Tutsi
April 1994 death of Hutu President leads to genocide of Tutsi people
a. US and European countries evacuated their own people
E. Slaughter finally ended in July 1994

7. South Africa Under Apartheid

8. Background I. British and Dutch control
A. Racial conflict because of colonial rule
1. Small white minority ruled large black majority
B. Granted self-rule in 1910 as dominion of GB
C. Became independent member of British
Commonwealth in 1931
1. Constitutional government
2. Whites have power, not blacks

9. II. Apartheid Segregates Society
A. National Party came to power 1948
1. Promote Afrikaners (Dutch South African nationalism)
2. Instituted policy of apartheid = complete segregation of
the races - no social contact
a. segregated schools, hospitals, neighborhoods
i. Children taught “dishwashing and weeding” in school
b. White only jobs
c. Blacks had to carry “passbooks”
government set up reserves
called homelands
a. Blacks forced to live in homelands
b. Blacks = 75% of population living
on 13% of land
c. Whites kept best land for themselves

12. B. Blacks Protest
1. ANC - African National Congress est. 1912
a. To fight for rights
b ANC outlawed and members arrested
i. continued to operate illegally
2. Nelson Mandela - leader of ANC jailed
national crisis

13. III. Struggle for democracy
A. South Africa under international pressure to change 1980s
1. Embargoes, trade sanctions against South Africa
2. Kept from Olympic Games

14. IV. End of Apartheid President F. W. de Klerk legalized ANC in 1990
had Nelson Mandela released from
prison
2. Ended segregation and land restrictions
B first universal election
1. Nelson Mandela elected president
C. Nobel Peace Prize
1. Mandela and de Klerk awarded
jointly for bringing democracy to
South Africa
D new constitution included bill of
rights