1. What changes occurred within Africa?
Essential Question
What changes occurred within Africa?

2. When did independence come for Africa?
1950s and 1960s - An independence movement sweeps through Africa.
1960 – 17 African countries freed themselves from European rule.
1961 – 1965 – 11 more African nations gain their independence.

3. What challenges were eminent?
Africans had to:
After long years of being colonies…
Build governments
and
Run new nations
Ideas such as voting were new to many Africans who had never before participated in an election.

4. Why did conflict arise?
Europeans had also drawn boundaries without regards to rival groups.
These tensions often resulted in war...
These tensions are still a source of conflict in the region today…

5. Ghana First African country to receive independence in 1957.
Kwame Nkrumah led his people to independence by using strikes and organizing boycotts like Gandhi had done.

6. Algeria
Very violent conflict fought against the French to gain independence in
Led by the Algerian National Liberation Front.
Independence earned in 1962.

7. Kenya The British do not want to grant independence to Kenya.
Jomo Kenyatta was the most popular nationalist leader. He claimed to not have any connection to the Mau Mau, a group using guerilla tactics to fight against the British.
However, he was jailed by the British for not condemning the actions of Mau Mau.
Kenya is granted independence in 1963, and Kenyatta is named the first president.

8. Congo Rival ethnic groups competed for control.
No experience setting up or running a government or economic system after the Europeans left.
Leads to civil war between the ethnic groups and a dictatorship being established.
Led to instability in central Africa.

9. … the have been pushed toward democracy…
How has Africa changed in recent years?
Since the 1990s, many African dictators have felt pressure to change…
… the have been pushed toward democracy…
With the fall of the Berlin Wall, many Africans have wondered why they would allow themselves to suffer with unfair governments and limited rights.

10. What was apartheid? APARTHEID
Means “apartness”
The white-dominated government divided all South Africans into four classes:
Whites People of European descent
Natives Black South Africans
Coloreds People of mixed descent
Asians Mostly people of Indian descent

11. What happened under apartheid?
White South Africans created this system of racial separation in the 1940s in order to strengthen their rule.
Under Apartheid, the government passed laws that limited the rights of blacks:
Non-Europeans could not vote.
Blacks and natives could hold only the lowest and most dangerous jobs.
Blacks and natives lived in separate areas with poor housing.

12. What did the ANC do?
The AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (ANC) led the fight against apartheid
I cherish the idea of democracy… but, it is an idea that I am prepared to die for
NELSON MANDELA
Leader of the ANC
Spent 30 years in prison

13. Tutu earned the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for his non-violent efforts
What happened with Mandela in prison?
Mandela became a symbol of the anti-apartheid movement.
DESMOND TUTU maintained pressure on South African leaders
Tutu earned the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for his non-violent efforts

14. United States Congress passed an anti-apartheid act in 1986 that:
How did other nations feel about apartheid?
1980s and 1990s – Other nations begin to take a stand against apartheid.
United States Congress passed an anti-apartheid act in 1986 that:
Stopped government loans to South Africa
Stopped importing any South African goods
Banned business investments in South Africa
Ended air travel between the US airlines and South Africa
Other nations took similar actions.

15. When did apartheid end?
The system of apartheid collapsed by the end of the 1980s.
1990 – S. African President de Klerk releases Mandela from prison.
1991 – Mandela reclaims his position as head of the ANC.
Mandela and de Klerk worked to create a new constitution…
… they were rewarded with a Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

16. How did South Africa change?
In 1994, South Africa held its first free elections.
Voters chose Mandela as President of the REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA.