The High Middle Ages: Growth of Europe SS.A.2.4.7; SS.B.1.4.1; SS.A ; SS.B.1.4.4

Vikings Become Normans

England & The Norman Invasion AD 400: Anglos and Saxons invade England AD 400: Anglos and Saxons invade England 800s: King Alfred the Great unites Anglo-Saxon kingdoms; Anglo-Saxons rule England 800s: King Alfred the Great unites Anglo-Saxon kingdoms; Anglo-Saxons rule England October 14, 1066: Battle of Hastings October 14, 1066: Battle of Hastings William of Normandy leads mounted army of Normans against the foot-soldiers of King Harold William of Normandy leads mounted army of Normans against the foot-soldiers of King Harold All knights get land for swearing loyalty to William, as sole ruler of England All knights get land for swearing loyalty to William, as sole ruler of England Official language of the Kings court is French, eventually Anglo-Saxon and French cultures mix Official language of the Kings court is French, eventually Anglo-Saxon and French cultures mix William conducts first census since Romans William conducts first census since Romans

William the Conqueror

King Henry II of England : Henry II expands monarchy’s power : Henry II expands monarchy’s power Courts of Justice closed, replaced by King’s court Courts of Justice closed, replaced by King’s court Local codes of law replaced by English common law Local codes of law replaced by English common law Catholic Church challenges kings power to put clergy on trial, when Henry tries to punish Archbishop Thomas à Becket of Canterbury Catholic Church challenges kings power to put clergy on trial, when Henry tries to punish Archbishop Thomas à Becket of Canterbury Instead, Henry has the archbishop killed, but when people get angry with him, he gives church its way Instead, Henry has the archbishop killed, but when people get angry with him, he gives church its way

Henry II vs. Thomas

The Magna Carta Many rich noblemen did not like the growing power of the king/monarchy Many rich noblemen did not like the growing power of the king/monarchy 1200s: Noblemen rise up and rebel against king 1200s: Noblemen rise up and rebel against king King John forced to put seal on a document of rights called The Magna Carta (Great Charter) King John forced to put seal on a document of rights called The Magna Carta (Great Charter) Limited the power of the monarch Limited the power of the monarch A feudal document recognizing the mutual obligations of lords and vassals A feudal document recognizing the mutual obligations of lords and vassals Magna Carta allows for England’s first Parliament to form under reign of Edward I Magna Carta allows for England’s first Parliament to form under reign of Edward I

The Magna Carta

Europe, A.D. 1160

France: Rise of the Capetians 843: Carolingian Empire divided, W. Frankish kingdom becomes early French kingdom 843: Carolingian Empire divided, W. Frankish kingdom becomes early French kingdom 987: Last Carolingian king dies, replaced by Hugh Capet, starting Capetian Dynasty in France 987: Last Carolingian king dies, replaced by Hugh Capet, starting Capetian Dynasty in France Early on Capetian kings had little power, controlling only the lands around Paris (a.k.a. Ile-de-France) Early on Capetian kings had little power, controlling only the lands around Paris (a.k.a. Ile-de-France) : King Philip II Augustus defeat English armies and take control of territories of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine, expanding the power and wealth of the French crown : King Philip II Augustus defeat English armies and take control of territories of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine, expanding the power and wealth of the French crown

King Philip II Augustus of France

Philip’s Conquests

France : kings Louis IX and Philip IV expand French power and wealth even more : kings Louis IX and Philip IV expand French power and wealth even more By 1300, France was the largest, most powerful European monarchical state By 1300, France was the largest, most powerful European monarchical state 1302: Philip IV established France’s first parliament by holding regular meetings with the three estates: 1302: Philip IV established France’s first parliament by holding regular meetings with the three estates: First Estate: the clergy First Estate: the clergy Second Estate: the nobility Second Estate: the nobility Third Estate: peasants and townspeople Third Estate: peasants and townspeople

King Louis IX

The Holy Roman Empire 900s: Saxon dukes became kings of Eastern Frankish Kingdom, renamed Germany 900s: Saxon dukes became kings of Eastern Frankish Kingdom, renamed Germany In return for protecting the pope, King Otto I of Germany is crowned “Emperor of the Romans” in 962 (first since Charlemagne) In return for protecting the pope, King Otto I of Germany is crowned “Emperor of the Romans” in 962 (first since Charlemagne) As new “Roman” emperors, German kings attempted to rule both Germany and Italy As new “Roman” emperors, German kings attempted to rule both Germany and Italy Kings wanted to make money off of Italy Kings wanted to make money off of Italy Italy must be at center of a “holy” or “Roman” realm Italy must be at center of a “holy” or “Roman” realm

Banner of the Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Struggles In Italy With Jerusalem under Arab control, Rome becomes center of Christianity to W. Europeans With Jerusalem under Arab control, Rome becomes center of Christianity to W. Europeans Frederick I considers his empire “holy” and thinks Rome must be included to legitimize empire Frederick I considers his empire “holy” and thinks Rome must be included to legitimize empire Italy is only part of Europe with good trade Italy is only part of Europe with good trade Pope opposes Frederick’s campaign in Italy Pope opposes Frederick’s campaign in Italy Northern Italian cities, used to their freedom, join the pope and defeat HRE in 1176 Northern Italian cities, used to their freedom, join the pope and defeat HRE in 1176 Frederick II won many battles, also defeated Frederick II won many battles, also defeated

Empire In Decline While emperors fought in Italy, powerful lords left behind to rule Germany While emperors fought in Italy, powerful lords left behind to rule Germany With defeat in Italy, many lords think emperor weak, and create their own smaller kingdoms With defeat in Italy, many lords think emperor weak, and create their own smaller kingdoms German H.R. Emperors left with no real power German H.R. Emperors left with no real power Germany and Italy never create powerful, centralized monarchy; unlike England & France Germany and Italy never create powerful, centralized monarchy; unlike England & France Italy & Germany consist of small, independent states until 1800s Italy & Germany consist of small, independent states until 1800s

Central & Eastern Europe Slavic people started as single group in C.E. Slavic people started as single group in C.E. Split into western, eastern, and southern Slavs Split into western, eastern, and southern Slavs Western Slavs establish Polish and Bohemian (Czech) kingdoms, converted to Western Christianity by German monks in tenth century Western Slavs establish Polish and Bohemian (Czech) kingdoms, converted to Western Christianity by German monks in tenth century Hungary also converted by Germans Hungary also converted by Germans Eastern and southern Slavs convert to Eastern Orthodox Christianity by Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius Eastern and southern Slavs convert to Eastern Orthodox Christianity by Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius Croats, southern Slavs, accept the Roman church Croats, southern Slavs, accept the Roman church

Russia Slavs also settle in area of modern Ukraine and Russia Slavs also settle in area of modern Ukraine and Russia Late 700s: Swedish Vikings come, dominate Late 700s: Swedish Vikings come, dominate Locals call their new rulers Rus Locals call their new rulers Rus Viking leader Oleg, settles in city of Kiev Viking leader Oleg, settles in city of Kiev Establishes Principality of Kiev, a Rus state Establishes Principality of Kiev, a Rus state Eventually, Kiev rules over lands b/w Baltic and Black seas, and the Danube and Volga rivers Eventually, Kiev rules over lands b/w Baltic and Black seas, and the Danube and Volga rivers Vikings eventually assimilate into Slavic culture Vikings eventually assimilate into Slavic culture Rus convert to Orthodox Christianity Rus convert to Orthodox Christianity

End of the Russian State 1200s: Mongols conquer Russia, requiring Rus princes to pay them tribute 1200s: Mongols conquer Russia, requiring Rus princes to pay them tribute One prince, Alexander Nevsky, emerges as most powerful One prince, Alexander Nevsky, emerges as most powerful 1242: Nevsky defeats invading German army 1242: Nevsky defeats invading German army The Khan, mongol leader, rewards Nevsky with title of “grand-prince” The Khan, mongol leader, rewards Nevsky with title of “grand-prince” Nevsky’s descendants eventually come to rule Nevsky’s descendants eventually come to rule