1. The Holy Roman Empire Period 5

2. Struggles in Italy -Italy was the leader of the new roman empire. -The German kings attempted to rule both German and Italian lands. -Italy was considered the Holy Empire -Frederick I and Frederick II tried building a strong new kingdom -Frederick II’s main goal was to establish a strong, centralized state in Italy -Frederick II was in a struggle with the pope -Frederick II waged a bitter struggle in northern Italy. - Italy won many battles after that.

3. Effects on the Empire ● Germans Holy Roman Emperor had no real power over either Germany or Italy. ● the struggle between popes and emperors had dire consequences for the holy roman empire ● the nobles that the german emperors left in charge during the war with italy ignored the emperor and created their own independent kingdoms in the 19th ce the small independent that made up germany and italy became unified.

4. Central and Eastern Europe

5. Slavic Europe  The western Slavs formed Polish and Bohemian Kingdoms.  German Monks had had converted both the Czechs in Bohemia and the Slavs in Poland to Christianity by the tenth century.  The Poles, Czechs, and Hungarians accepted Western Christianity and became part of Roman Catholic Church and the Latin Culture.  Eastern Slavic people of Moravia converted to Orthodox Christianity by two Byzantine missionary brothers Cyril and Methodius.

6. Kievan Rus ●Eastern Slavic people settled in present day Ukraine and Russia ●Vikings moved here to plunder new trade routes ●The growth of the principality of Kiev attracted Byzantine missionaries ●The vikings were called “Rus” ●A viking leader named Oleg settled in Kiev at the beginning of the tenth century and created the Rus state known as the Principality of Kiev ● Oleg opened the trade route with the Byzantine Empire, and it increased the prosperity of rus ●Expanded Kiev to the Baltic and Black seas and the Danube and Volga Rivers

7. Mongol Rule ●Mongols gave strong support to the peasant economy of china because they believed if they helped the peasant economy it would benefit them. ●Horse riding People that came out of the Gobi Desert in early 13th century. ●Nomadic and destructive goal was to create such terror that people would be to afraid to fight to back. ●Beginning with Genghis Khan and other leaders, Mongol empire spread from sea of Japan to the Red Sea. ●Mongols became involved in city life through caravan trade. ●They had a strong hate for Islam.