Chapter 18 By: Cody Crawford

18-1 Protist What is a Protist? All protist are eukaryotes-they contain a nucleus & have organelles All protists vary in size Most protists need O 2 (aerobic)- others don’t (anaerobic) Some are autotrophs; other are heterotrophs Some are sexual; others are asexual

Living Protists Autotrophic protists Ex)algae are photosynthetic autotrophs 30,000 species of algae- fresh/marine 30-40% of all photosynthesis on earth is performed by these protists

Single celled algae include Euglenophyta Pyrophyta Chrysophyta

Multicellular algae Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta

Heterotrophic protists EX)commonly known as protozoans-can be viewed with a light microscope

Reproduction of protists Euglenophyta reproduce asexually Gametophytes reproduce sexually

18-2 Fungi Fungi- heterotrophic eukaryotes that have cell walls Most fungi are multicellular The cell walls do not contain cellulose but instead contain chitin

Basic structures of a fungi Threadlike filament called a hypha-grows down into whatever the fungus is feeding on- forms a mass called the mycelium (secretes enzymes that breaks down compounds) when the conditions are right, parts of the mycelium may be organized into the fruiting body of what we call a mushroom

Four Phyla of Fungi 1.Zygomycota 2.Ascomycota 3.Basidiomycota 4.Deuteromycota

What They Are Zygomycetes-often called bread mold EX)black mold Ascomycetes-often called sac fungi 30,000 species of mildews,molds,& yeast this is the largest phylum of the kingdom fungi Basidiomycetes-includes the mushrooms EX)puffballs Deuteromycetes-sometimes called “imperfect fungi” EX) penicillium is good; athletes foot&jock itch –bad

More of what they are Lichens- greenish scalelike patches on tree trunk trunks They are a symbiotic partnership between a fungus and a photosynthetic algae

Reproduction of fungi Both sexually and asexually

18-3 muticellular plants Kingdom plantae All plants are multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes who cells are enclosed & supported by a cell wall made up of cellulose The majority of plants reproduce sexually but not all

Bryophytes 1.Include mosses,liverworts, hornworts, and peat mosses 2.Survive in wet climates 3.Grow not more than a few cm tall 4.Peat mosses grows almost totally under H 2 0

Tracheophytes 1.Contain vascular tissues that transport H 2 0 and nutrients 2.Grow much larger & have a wider range of habitats than the bryophytes 3.Other examples gymnosperms & angiosperm 4.Ferns is a simple tracheophyte

Gymnosperms 1.1 st seed bearing tracheophytes 2.EX)cycads,ginkgoes,& conifers 3.They carry their seeds exposed to air in a cone shaped structure 4.Seeds and reproductive structure that include a developing plant and a food reserve are enclosed in a resistant outer covering 5.Most common is the conifers which are known for their cones & needle like leaves -Cones produce & carry seeds -Often called evergreens

Angiosperms 1.These are food sources for humans & other animals 2.Reproduce & mature quicker than gymnosperms 3.Divided into two groups- monocots & dicots 4.Cotyledons-structure in seeds that contain food for the developing plant 5.Monocots-rice,wheat,corn,lilies,orchids,tulips,& palms- containe one cotyledon 6.Dicots- tomatoes,roses,maples,sunflowers- contain two cotyledons

Structures of the Plant Roots-anchor plants in soil; absorb H 2 0 & nutrients Leaves-provide the surface area over which the plant can capture sunlight for photosynthesis -Broader & flatter the leaf- the more sunlight it captures -this also allows for more H 2 0 lost to evaporation -to resolve this issue, plants have a waxy H 2 0 proof covering on their leaves called a cuticle Cuticles are dotted with tiny openings called stomata (which allow for gas exchange)

Vascular tissues Xylem-carries H 2 0 & dissolved in organic nutrients from the roots to the branches & leaves; cell walls are thick with cellulose; major sources of strength in woody plants Phloem- carries the products of photosynthesis from one part of a plant to another; the transport of these materials may be upward or downward

Stems Stems- hold leaves up to the sun and position leaf surfaces to capture as much light as possible Also conduct H 2 0, nutrients, products of photosynthesis, & other materials through the plant by means of their vascular tissues

How do Plants Reproduce? All plant life cycles involve alternation of generations between sporophyte and gametophyte In mosses, the gametophyte is the longest part of the cycle In flowering plants, the sporophyte part of the cycle is much longer

Mosses Mosses- gametophyte generation consists of male and female structure called sperm and eggs The sperm must fertilize the egg to produce a zygote This zygote grows into the sporophyte -a slender stalk with a spore capsule on the end -inside this capsule, meiosis produces spores -the spores are dispersed & produces gametophyte plants

Pollen&Seeds Seed plants are members of the dominant sporopyte generation The gametophytes have been reduced to small clusters of a few cells that grow inside structures called: cones in gymnosperms and flowers in angiosperm

Pollen&Seeds (con’t) The entire male gametophyte is contained in a tiny structure called pollen A pollen grain produces sperm & is carried by the wind to eggs Insects, beetles,birds,& bats also carry pollen to eggs Once pollen lands on the female egg part, a long tube containing the sperm begins to grow down inside the flower until it reaches the eggs After fertilization, the egg grows into an embryo The embryo becomes dormant inside a seed A seed provides protection and food; waits for germination