1. Plant organs and tissues
Kingdom Plantae: more than 400,000 different kinds of plants

2. Classification Cotyledons- seed leaves in their embryos
monocots- single seed leaf, one group of plants
dicots- two seed leaves, another group of plants that are divided further
An easier way to classify is by the:
1. number of seed leaves,
2. the strength and composition of their stems, and
3. the number of growing seasons they live.

6. Plant Life Cycle
A sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis.
These spores grow into multi-cellular structures called gametophytes
Each gametophyte produces reproductive cells called gametes-sperm and egg cells
During fertilization, a sperm and egg fuse with each other, producing a diploid zygote.
The Zygote develop into a new sporophyte, and the cycle begins again.
Alternation of generation between haploid and diploid phases.
Diploid (2N) phase is known as the sporophyte (spore-producing plant).
Haploid (N) phase is known as the gametophyte (gamete-producing plant)

9. Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Bryophytes
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Lack specialized tissues for the transport of water
“nonvascular plants”
mosses
hornworts
liverworts

10. *Vascular Tissue: tissue that transports water and nutrients in some plants
Tracheophytes
Seedless Vascular
Vascular plants
Seedless plants such as ferns and both flowering and nonflowering seed plants
Contain specialized tissues that transport water and nutrients =tracheids
Allows growth
to large sizes
Ferns
horsetails
Club mosses

11. Vascular Tissue Two main types of vascular tissue:
forms the transport system among the roots, stems, and leaves of vascular plants.
Two main types of vascular tissue:
Xylem- moves water and nutrients from the ground upward in the plant.
Phloem- carries food made in a plant’s leaves down to other plant parts.
Roots, stems, and leaves are plant organs
Bryophytes do not have roots, stems, or leaves. They absorb substances directly from their surroundings.

13. Roots
anchor and support the plant, absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil, and store food and water.
TAPROOTS
FIBROUS ROOTS
Single large root that grows deep into the soil.
As the root grows deeper, other smaller roots branch from the main root
dandelion, carrots, and beets
DICOTS
Does NOT have a single main root
many small, shallow roots branch out from the base of the plant
grass
MONOCOTS

15. Stems hard, rigid stems woody stem of a tree is its trunk
transport materials between a plant’s roots and its leaves and flowers
support the leaves and flowers
some plants the stems store food and water (potato).
WOODY PLANTS
HERBACEOUS PLANTS
plants that develop into trees and shrubs
hard, rigid stems
woody stem of a tree is its trunk
live for many years
grasses and many garden plants
green, flexible stems
smaller
have shorter life spans

17. Leaves
main organs that carry out photosynthesis in most vascular plants
Stomata (stoma: singular)- small openings on their undersides
carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged between the plant and the air through the stomata
water may also enter and exit a leaf through the stomata
Guard Cells- tiny structures, control the size of the stomata
help control the movement of materials into and out of the plant.

21. Petiole- tubelike structure that attaches a leaf to its stem
Similar structures that all leaves share:
Blade- is the broad, flat part of the leaf. Absorbs sunlight needed for photosynthesis.
Veins- running throughout the blade, tubelike structures that transport water in the leaf
Petiole- tubelike structure that attaches a leaf to its stem

22. Organs of Seed Plants Anchor and support the plant,
Roots
Stems
Anchor and support the plant,
absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil,
and store food and water
Tap roots and fibrous roots
Transport materials between a plant’s roots and its leaves and flowers.
Support the leaves and flowers
In some plants, it stores food and water
Woody plants and herbaceous plants
Leaves
Main organ that carry out photosynthesis
Petiole, blade, veins are similar structures in all leaves
Monocots and dicots

23. Seeds
Plant embryo and a food supply, encased in a protective covering.
Unlike mosses and ferns, gametes of seed plants do not need standing water for fertilization.
Adaptations that allow for reproduction without standing water:
Reproductive process that takes place in cones or flowers.
Transfer sperm by pollination
Protection of embryos in seeds
Cones
Vs.
Flowers

24. Gymnosperms Conifers- plants that form seeds in cones
pines, cedar, firs, and juniper trees
thin, needle-shaped leaves that help prevent water loss
this adaptation allows conifers to live in places that are dry or cold for part of the year
Venus flytrap is a plant with a leaf adaptation that when a insect touches a receptor, the leaf shuts and the insect becomes trapped.

25. Cones
Reproduction in conifers takes place in cones, which are produced by a mature sporophyte plant.
produce two types of cones: pollen (male) and seed (females) cones
Seed cones are much larger and contain ovules near the base of each scale.

26. Flowers are leaves that have been modified for sexual reproduction.
angiosperms
Flowers are leaves that have been modified for sexual reproduction.
a seed plant that produces seeds enclosed in fruits
the fruit develops inside the flowers
Flower- reproductive structure of an angiosperm
attract birds and insects that help the plant reproduce
petals surround its reproductive parts
Stamen- male reproductive part
Pistil- female reproductive part
pistil contains the ovary, which produces the female sex cells and then protects the seed as they develop

30. Pathway to making a baby flower:
Pollen (male sex cell) must be transferred from the stamen of a flower to the stigma on the pistil
Transferred by the wind, or by animals
Animals that transfer pollen are called pollinators
The transfer of pollen from the stamen to a pistil is called pollination.
If pollen lands on the tip of the pistil of a similar flower, the pollen can fertilize that flower
Sperm in the pollen travels through a tube to reach the eggs in the ovary
Fertilization occurs when the sperm and egg cells unite
After fertilization, one or more seeds develop in the ovary
Finally, the ovary develops into a protective fruit

32. Flowers and fruits
Attract animals such as bees, moths, or hummingbirds
Drawn by color, scent, or even shape of the flower—carry pollen with them as they leave
They go from flower to flower, carrying pollen as they go, which is much more efficient than the wind pollination of most gymnosperms.
After pollination, ovaries develop into a fruit
fruit- structure containing one or more matured ovaries
the wall of the fruit help disperse the seeds inside it
animals eat the fruit, and as the seeds travel through the digestive system, it develops and by the time it exits the animal may be miles away.