1. Kingdom Plantae

2. What Is a Plant? Multicellular eukaryotes that are photosynthetic autotrophs Cell walls made of cellulose Store surplus carbohydrates as starch Mostly terrestrial

3. Obstacles Plants Overcome Absorb Minerals Conserve Water –Cuticle –StomataStomata –Guard Cells Reproduce on Land

5. A Vascular System Enables Plants to Thrive on Land Most plants need a “plumbing” system to transport water, minerals and nutrients. This system is known as the VASCULAR SYSTEM.

6. Divisions of Living Plants Are Divided into Nonvascular and Vascular There are 3 divisions of nonvascular plants –Hepatophyta – the Liverworts Simplest of plants (gametophytes are dominate Flat leafy body lacking cuticle, stomata, roots, stems or leaves –Anthocerophyta – the Hornworts Dominate gametophyte and have stomata –Bryophyta – the mosses Small, most have simple vascular tissue Sporophyte with slender stalk and spore capsule “leafy” green gametophyte that lacks roots, stems and leaves

7. Alternation Of Generations Occurs in life cycle of all plants Occurs in life cycle of all plants One generation is a multicellular haploid condition and the next is a multicellular diploid condition One generation is a multicellular haploid condition and the next is a multicellular diploid condition

8. Gametes Archegonia Archegonia –Produce eggs Antheridia Antheridia –Produce sperm When water is available, sperm swim to the eggs When water is available, sperm swim to the eggs

10. Features of Vascular Plants Dominate sporophyte Dominate sporophyte Specialized conducting cells Specialized conducting cells Distinctive body form Distinctive body form –Meristem ShootsShoots RootsRoots

12. Life Cycle of a Fern

13. Evolution of the Seed There are 5 phyla of living seed plants. Four of these phyla are collectively known as GYMNOSPERM. The other phyla is ANGIOSPERMS.

14. Seed plants produce two kinds of gametophytes. –Microgametophyte – produce male –Megagametophyte – produce female – These develop from a megaspore within the ovule. A pollen grain consists of only a few haploid cells surrounded by a thick protective wall.

15. Pollination Wind Insects animals