Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 11 Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Rome Flash Cards:  Roman tribune  plebeians 2

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Rome Flash Cards:  Twelve Tables  Punic Wars 3

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Rome Flash Cards:  latifundia  Caesar Augustus 4

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Rome Flash Cards  Pax Romana  pater familias 5

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Rome Flash Cards:  Paul of Tarsus  Constantine 6

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Establishment of Rome Indo-Europeans  into Italy  c BCE Legend of Romulus and Remus Rome founded 753 BCE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Establishment of the Republic, 509 BCE built Roman forum Republican constitution  Executive branch: 2 Consuls  Plus, Senate later, tribunes

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Social Conflict Patricians vs. Plebeians  aristocrats vs. commoners  continuous conflict Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes  rights expanded through 3 rd c. BCE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Expansion of the Republic Took over iron industry 5 th -4 th c. BCE Expanded via military threat and incentives  Tax exemptions  Trade privileges  Citizenship  Religious tolerance  Expanded Greek citizenship concepts

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 The Punic Wars Conflict with Carthage, BCE Three major wars: 1 st under Hamilcar 2 nd under Hannibal  over Sicilian grain supply  Determined trade access to western Mediterranean By middle of 2 nd C. BCE:  Rome dominated Mediterranean Sea “The Roman Lake”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Imperial Expansion Land distribution  continuous problem  development of large latifundia state-run, slave-worked farms. unfair competition for small landholders

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 The Roman Republic to 146 BCE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 The Gracchi Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Tribunes Tried to limit land holdings of aristocrats Assassinated Private armies developed  made up of landless peasants

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Julius Caesar From aristocratic family Rose to popularity  Public spectacles; victories in Gaul Attacked Rome, 49 BCE Named himself Dictator for life, 46 BCE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Caesar’s Policies centralized military & government redistributed land to veterans & allies major building projects reduced urban unemploymnent extended citizenship to provinces → aristocrats threatened → assassinated Caesar, 44 BCE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Augustus Caesar Civil conflict after Caesar’s death Nephew Octavian  fought Mark Antony & Cleopatra  Took title “Augustus 27 BCE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Augustus’ Administration Monarchy disguised as republic Increased centralization of power Stablilized empire  “Pax Romana” → next 200 years. Died, 14 CE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 The Roman Empire, c. 117 CE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Pax Romana: “Roman Peace” CE Facilitated trade, communication  Silk Roads & Mediterranean Roadwork = superior  Curbs, drainage, milestones  Postal service

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Roman Law Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE  Adapted to diverse populations  Innocent until proven guilty  Right to challenge accusers in court

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Commercial Agriculture and Trade Latifundia: produced for export  Regional specialization increased  Integration of Empire-wide economy Mediterranean Sea:  Mare Nostrum, “our sea” also, Silk Road trade with China.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 City of Rome Cash flow  Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce Massive construction projects  Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts Technology: concrete

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Roman Attractions “bread & circuses” Imported goods Underground sewage Circus Maximus  250,000 spectators Colosseum Gladitor games

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Family and Society Pater Familias: “father of the family”  right to arrange marriages  can sell children into slavery Women not allowed to inherit property  if rich → could sometimes become citizens

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Slavery 2 nd c. CE:  estimated at 1/3 of population  Customary manumission at age 30 Agricultural work, quarries, mines  Chain labor  Revolt under Spartacus, 73 BCE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 Judaism in Early Rome Jewish monotheism challenged ancient cultures refused to recognize state gods many Jewish rebellions Romans finally crushed self-governance  Jewish Wars (66-70 CE)  last stand at Masada

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Synagogue at Capernaum

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Fortress at Masada 30

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 Jesus of Nazareth teacher of new moral code reputation for miracle-working Romans feared instigation of rebellion  Crucified as punishment for breaking law

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 Jesus’ Followers Belief in Jesus’ resurrection & divine nature  given title Christ: “Anointed One” Teachings recorded in New Testament  Blessed are poor  Meek shall inherit the earth  Salvation for anyone  Life after death

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 Paul of Tarsus Extended teachings Intensive missionary activity

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 Growth of Early Christianity Roman persecution Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity  Appealed to dispossessed, disenfranchised classes Urban poor women

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sources From The Past: Tacitus on Corruption in the Early Roman Empire “Meanwhile at Rome consuls, senate, knights, precipitately became servile. The more distinguished they were, the greater their urgency and insincerity.” - Tacitus

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sources From The Past: Jesus’ Moral and Ethical Teachings “Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted. Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.” - Matthew 5:3-5:5