1. Chapter 6 Section 2 Notes

2. 509 B.C. 264 B.C. 218 B.C. 44 B.C. A.D. 284 A.D. 476 Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 B.C. – A.D. 500 6 CHAPTER Time Line 500 B.C.A.D. 500 HOME Rome becomes a republic. In the Second Punic War, Hannibal invades Italy. Diocletian, who will divide the Roman Empire, becomes emperor. The First Punic War with Carthage begins. Conspirators kill Julius Caesar. Western Roman Empire falls with the ouster of the last emperor, Romulus Augustulus.

3. I. Expansion Creates Problems in the Republic

4. A. The gap between rich and poor increased class tensions developed

5. B. Rich land owners lived on huge estates called latifundia

6. C. Many of these lands belonged to farmers and soldiers that were forced to sale their lands

7. D. Grain prices were down

8. E. Slaves were all over Rome

9. F. No Jobs

10. II. The Republic Collapses

11. A. Two plebeian brothers try to reason with the Rich

12. 1. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

13. 2. As Tribunes they try to make reforms

14. 3. Tiberius is assassinated in 133 B.C. and Gaius in 121 B.C.

15. 4. Civil War erupts

16. 5. Power struggles within the army try to put down the rebellions

17. B. Julius Caesar takes control

18. 1. The First Triumvirate

19. A. 60 B.C. Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey

20. 1. Caesar was away fighting wars in Gaul (France)

21. 2. Caesar soon gained support of the entire army

22. B. In 49 B.C. Crassus and Pompey order him back to Rome without his armies, He refuses

23. C. In 46 B.C. he becomes dictator and soon afterwards dictator for life

24. 2. Caesar has moderate reforms

25. a. Gave land to poor in Gaul

26. b. Created jobs with government projects

27. 1. Aqueducts

28. 2. Roads

29. 3. Buildings Pantheon Colosseum Roman Theatre

30. 3. Assassinated on March 15, 44 B.C. by his longtime friend MarcusBrutus in the senate chamber

31. C. Beginnings of the Empire

32. 1. Second Triumvirate Caesar’s grandnephew Octavian and his friend Mark Antony take control of Rome along with Lepidus

33. AugustusMark Antony

34. 2. Eventually Lepidus is removed and Octavian and Mark Antony go to war.

35. 3. Cleopatra from Egypt convinces Antony to attack Octavian at the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C.

36. a. Octavian wins

37. 4. Octavian crowns himself Augustus and keep the title imperator (supreme military commander) where the word emperor comes from

38. III. A Vast Powerful Empire

39. A. Years starting with Augustus rule from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D. become knownas the Pax Romana (Roman Peace)

40. B. Agriculture was the most important industry of the empire

41. C. Trade flourished

42. D. Silver coins called a demarius was the coin of the empire

43. E. Roads interlinked the empire and connected to the Silk Road

44. F. Many men from foreign lands entered the army

45. G. Augustus was Rome’s best ruler

46. 1. Set up civil service or government jobs

47. 2. He dies in 14 A.D.

48. H. Governmental Flaw

49. 1. No legal succession to the throne

50. I. Bad Rulers

51. 1. Caligula

52. 2. Nero

53. J. Good Rulers

54. 1. Five good Rulers

55. a. Nerva in 96

56. b. Trajan

57. c. Hadrian The Pantheon (118-128

58. 1. Wall in England

59. d. Antonius Pius 138-161

60. e. Marcus Aurelius 161-180

61. 1. 161 – 180 A.D.

62. 2. Empire at height

63. IV. Life in Imperial Rome

64. A. Early values (Gravitas)

65. 1. Discipline

66. 2. Strength

67. 3. Loyalty

68. B. Paterfamilias was the oldest male in family

69. C. Women almost had the same rights as men, except they could not vote

70. D. Boy children were more important because they could vote

71. E. Children became adults at 16

72. F. Girls were married between 12 and 15 to much older husbands

73. G. Slavery

74. 1. Widespread and important to the economy

75. 2. Conquered peoples became slaves

76. 3. Considered property

77. 4. Some became gladiators

78. H. Early gods and goddesses

79. 1. Numia were divine spirits

80. 2. Lares were guardian spirits of each family

81. 3. When they met the Greeks they adopted the gods with different names

82. I. Entertainment

83. 1. Government provided free game, races, and gladiator events for the masses

84. 2. Coliseum held 50,000

85. 3. Circus Maximus held 300,000