Do Now: Task 1: Get out homework & crossword puzzles Task 2: Get out notes and answer the following question: Can the Union reunite the country and at the same time guarantee equal rights for freed African-Americans?

Do Now: Task 1: Get out notes and complete the “Political Cartoon Skills” p.528 #1-3:

How were Southerners affected by the end of slavery? How were Northerners affected by the end of slavery? What problems faced freed blacks at the end of the war? What problems faced Northerners at the end of the war? What obstacles do you see to “reconstructing” the union (to putting the nation back together as one nation)? Who will rule the South, whites or blacks, Northerners or Southerners?

Chapter 18: The Reconstruction Era ( )

Lincoln Assassinated April 14, 1865 John Wilkes Booth Assassinates President Lincoln A Nation Mourns

Presidential Reconstruction Under Andrew Johnson Johnson’s terms for Southern states are lenient. Southern states can rejoin the government if: ‣ A majority of voters in a state must pledge loyalty to the U.S.A. ‣ The state must ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery throughout the nation Southern states quickly meet Johnson’s terms and elect Democrats, including many former Confederate officers and government officials, to Congress. Southern states refuse to grant suffrage to black men. Congressional Republicans refuse to seat the southern Congressmen and instead set up a committee to draw up a Congressional Reconstruction Plan for the South.

The Black Codes – Slavery without the Chain ‣ Blacks denied suffrage (the right to vote) ‣ Denied right to own guns ‣ Denied right to serve on juries – cases of blacks accused of crimes are heard by all-white juries ‣ Required to sign 1-year labor contracts - or be sentenced to forced labor on a plantation ‣ Permitted to marry and granted limited property ownership rights

Sharecroppers and Tenant Farmers Sharecropping: –Effectively a return to slavery –Landowners broke up land into small plots, provided seed, farm supplies, livestock –Part of the crop used to pay back landowner –Debt kept freedmen tied to the land

Scalawags and Carpetbaggers A scalawag was the Southern term for a Southerner who cooperated with the Northern Republicans to control the South. A carpetbagger was the Southern term for a Northerner who came south to gain political or economic power during Reconstruction. Many Southerners saw them as “invaders” ready to loot the former Confederacy. Scalawags and carpetbaggers were hated by Southern whites who resented the Military rule of Congressional Reconstruction.

Civil Rights Act (1866), the Fourteenth Amendment & Congressional Override of President Johnson’s Veto Civil Rights Act - grants citizenship to blacks with the same rights as all citizens, and authorizes the federal government to step in if states do not protect those rights. Johnson vetoed the Act, saying it would “operate in favor of the colored and against the white race.” Congressional Republicans override Johnson’s veto. Fourteenth Amendment - All person’s born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens and cannot be denied their rights without due process of law.

Reconstruction Act (1867) Reconstruction Act: ‣ Threw out all states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment ‣ Placed Confederacy under Military rule ‣ Required southern states to rewrite their constitutions including ratifying the 14th Amendment and granting freedmen the right to vote ‣ Most whites refused to vote, which enabled Republicans to win southern states despite white, Democratic majorities

Reconstruction Act of 1867 Divided former Confederate states into five military districts Congressional approval required for Southern state constitutions All males given right to vote States required to ratify 14th Amendment The Reconstruction Act of 1867 divided the former Confederacy into five separate military districts, each headed by a military governor

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Believing that Johnson would not enforce the Reconstruction Act, Congress voted to impeach him. Radical Republicans fall one vote short, and Johnson was acquitted.

Impeachment: Impact Impeachment on political grounds discouraged Johnson’s credibility as a national leader significantly diminished Johnson served out his term, but ran for Senate in 1874 Died soon after taking office

Election of 1868 Ulysses S. Grant Elected President With Freedmen voting for the 1st time in the South, Grant easily defeated the Democratic candidate Fifteenth Amendment - The right to vote cannot be denied on the basis of race. (Ratified, 1870)

Spreading Terror - Conservative Whites Fight Back The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan Southern planters resisted the loss of their power and their way of life and fought back with violence. Small farmers and white laborers usually sided with the planters out of racism and fear of economic competition from freedmen.

Congress Responds Congress made it a crime to use force to prevent people from voting ‣ Klan violence diminished, but so did black participation in politics, due to threats and fear of losing their jobs

The End of Reconstruction – Radicals in Decline By late 1870s, with economy in recession, most northern whites were weary of Reconstruction ‣ Want reconciliation, and for South to govern itself, even if it means abandoning equality for freedmen ‣ Amnesty Act (1872) restored voting rights to nearly all whites ‣ Southern whites voted almost exclusively Democratic, breaking Republican control of southern states ‣ Election of Southern Democrats agree to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as President in exchange for Hayes’ pledge to remove federal troops from the South and end Reconstruction The Nation Chooses Reconciliation over Equality

The Compromise of 1877 Knowing Hayes would win, Democrats agreed to: –Accept Hayes as president –Adhere to the 13th–15th Amendments –Not retaliate politically against Republicans In return, Hayes would pull the last troops from the South and hire a Southern postmaster general Troop withdrawal effectively ended Reconstruction

“Southern Redemption” Return of Democratic rule to Southern states at the end of Reconstruction Decline in black voter registration diminished their political rights and representation Jim Crow laws spread as the Supreme Court chipped away at blacks’ constitutional rights Blacks essentially abandoned by Northern reformers after Reconstruction

The Rise of Jim Crow The return of white Democratic control led to laws limiting the civil rights of blacks and separating the races – Jim Crow Laws Voting Restrictions Poll taxes - fee to vote Literacy tests - pass test to vote Plessy v. Ferguson - Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” facilities were constitutional. Segregation Separate schools, hospitals, cemeteries Separate seating in restaurants, hotels, trains