List 5 details that you see. When/Where do you think this is? What has happened

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Reconstruction: The Rebuilding of a Nation

Recap: How The Civil War Ends ► 1864 Union General Sherman “March to the Sea” – TN to Savannah, GA ► 1864 Lincoln Re-elected ► General Lee surrenders to Grant April 1865 ► War ends June 1865 ► NOW WHAT?

Issues of Reconstruction ► How will southern states rejoin the Union? ► How will the southern economy be rebuilt? ► What rights will African-Americans have?

Lincoln’s 10% Plan ► His goal is for a quick recovery for the union ► He comes up with a plan to admit southern states back into the Union if 10% of voters swear loyalty

“Radical” Republicans ► Mostly northerners ► Want to help African- Americans get rights WHO WERE THE RADICAL REPUBLICANS? Freedman’s Bureau ► An organization set up by Congress to assist freed slaves with daily life (provides food, clothing, jobs, education)

Josiah Washington, Former Slave in South Carolina: “The Freedman’s Bureau has been the best thing for my family since Lincoln made his Proclamation in My sister has been treated for her illness and her life saved at the Freedman’s Hospital near Charleston. Plus, my children are starting school this year under the Freedman’s program.”

April 1865 –Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth His VP Andrew Johnson becomes president Little sympathy for African-American struggles – he fights with the Radical Republicans!

Johnson’s Plan Andrew Johnson: “The time has come for us to heal the scars and wounds of this Great War. We must repair this Union immediately. My Plan for Reconstruction is this. Each state must withdraw its secession, swear allegiance to the Union... and ratify the 13th Amendment. With these conditions met, let the states of the South rejoin our great Union. I will pardon Confederate leaders that demonstrate true remorse for their actions, and I do not say that suffrage (voting) is now the right of the freed Negro. No, sir, white men alone must manage the South.” ► Southern states must pass the 13 th Amendment (abolish slavery) to re-join the Union

Black Codes: used to control African-Americans in the South ► No ownership of land ► Limited job opportunities “1865 has been a terrible year of loss of pride and the Confederacy. However, we will not lose our dignity in our own lands... The races must remain separated, and the Negro being inferior must not be allowed to hold power in our communities. We have successfully drafted a measure of Black Codes. This will prevent the Negro from carrying weapons, serving on juries, testifying against Whites, marrying Whites, traveling without a permit, and most of all not owning land.”

Reconstruction Amendments ► 13 th Amendment (1865): outlaws slavery ► 14 th Amendment (1866): guarantees equality to all citizens (including African Americans) ► 15 th Amendment (1870): gives African American (males only) right to vote

Congress’ Plan: Military Reconstruction Act (1867) ► Divides the south into 5 military districts governed by Union generals until they agreed to the 14 th amendment

Congress vs. Johnson ► Johnson tries to fire Secretary of War (last Radical Republican in his cabinet) ► House votes to impeach Johnson ► Johnson promises to enforce the Reconstruction Acts and avoids removal from office Impeach: charge with doing something wrong while in office

► Carpetbaggers: People who moved from North to South to take advantage of South and make $$

Political Cartoons: The Burden of Reconstruction ANALYZE

Life for Freed Slaves ► Many freed slaves were sharecroppers. ► A landowner gives a poor farmer a portion of land to farm with + tools + seed. ► In exchange the sharecropper has to give the landowner most of his crop – can’t ever make enough money to buy his own land ► Effects: It kept freed slaves financially dependent on landowners. How was this similar and different to slavery?

Sharecropping Cycle of Poverty Chart: Sharecropping Cycle of Poverty CHART

Other problems for Freed Slaves 1.The Ku Klux Klan - white Southerners who terrorized African Americans - white Southerners who terrorized African Americans 2. Jim Crow Laws - segregated Southern society – separate facilities and rules for African Americans - segregated Southern society – separate facilities and rules for African Americans 3. Plessy v. Ferguson - Supreme Court case that rules segregation is legal - “separate but equal” - Supreme Court case that rules segregation is legal - “separate but equal” Segregation: Separation of the races

Example of a Jim Crow Law

How did Reconstruction End? ► White southerners (known as redeemers) take back power in the South ► The south is nicknamed the “Solid South” because they always vote for the Democratic party (Remember the Republican Party was anti- slavery and tried to help freed slaves)

The Compromise of 1877 ► Rutherford B. Hayes becomes President but in return he agrees to remove federal troops from the South.

Effects of Reconstruction Quick Study: Effects of Reconstruction QUICK STUDY