America Becomes a World Power

Key Vocabulary Imperialism: Economic and political domination of a strong nation over a weaker nation Protectorate: Imperial power allows local rulers to stay in control and protects them against rebellions

Why become imperialistic? Superiority/Power (Militarily, Culturally, Politically) New Markets Raw Materials Trade without tariffs Social Darwinism (European competition) Manifest Destiny (and beyond!) Anglo-Saxonism: English-speaking nations superior in many ways

The Role of Military Captain Alfred Mahan’s Influence of Sea Power upon History Argues great nations had large naval fleets of merchant ships and naval power to defend right to trade Congress buys into the idea and decides to create a modern navy

Pacific Expansionism Matthew Perry opens up Japan Annexation of Hawaii Japan hesitant for cultural reasons American power on display Trade and peace agreement Annexation of Hawaii Ports for merchants and military Sugarcane farming (US help during recession) Queen Liliuokalani tries to gain more power, marines and American planters overthrow gov’t New gov’t asks to join US

Latin America and US Pan-Americanism US and Latin America should work together for peace and trade

Spanish-American War Spain controls Cuba and Puerto Rico Cuban rebellions against Spain fairly common US-Cuba Economic Relationship Key Jose Marti: Cuban rebel exiled to US…preps for war US neutrality—rebels hoping for US intervention USS Maine exploded in Havana Bay (US in war)

Role of Yellow Journalism Yellow Journalism: Sensational Reports to attract readers…often exaggerated “Blood, Blood, Blood” in Cuba Prisoners of war being fed to sharks & dogs! William Randolph Hearst (NY Journal) Joseph Pulitzer (NY World)

War on Two Fronts Blockade of Cuba & Attack Philippines Philippines Manila Bay: Dewey defeats Spaniards with ease Emilio Aguinaldo: Rebel against Spain in Philippines launches new attack Cuba Armies not prepared at all (deaths by disease) Naval battles key Rough Riders on mainland crucial

Results Cuba: Free Guam & Puerto Rico: US possession Philippines: ??? For US takeover: Economic & military reasons; Savior of “Less Civilized” People Against takeover: Filipino labor would hurt American workforce; cost of empire high Ultimately US buys Philippines in treaty w/ Spain

Post-War Cuba Puerto Rico Philippines Platt Amendment makes it a protectorate of the United States Puerto Rico Foraker Act: Creates PR government but allows US to have final authority Philippines Aguinaldo unhappy with US (attacks US) Taft tries to win using social improvements Aguinaldo captured and calls on end of war

China European “Spheres of Influence” Russia, Britain, France, etc. with leases on Chinese land US concerned this would keep other countries out of markets Open Door Policy: all countries can trade within China regardless of leases

Boxer Rebellion Society of Harmonious Fists (Boxers) attempt to destroy those corrupting Chinese society Europeans, Chinese Christians, etc. Major nations intervene after embassies are besieged Agree to not break up China Open Door Policy remains in place

Roosevelt Policies Make US a World Power Negotiated peace between Russia/Japan (1905) Upheld Open Door Policy in China Display military power “Speak softly, but carry a big stick” Great White Fleet: 16 battleships on global voyage to demonstrate military might Roosevelt Corollary: US will intervene in Latin America to maintain stability in Western Hem.

Latin America Dollar Diplomacy of Taft Wilson & Mexico Support economies of Latin America and they will rise out of poverty Wilson & Mexico Victoriano Huerta overthrows Mexican govt Wilson refuses to recognize government not based on law—helps those against Huerta US helps Carranza becomes Mexican president, but Pancho Villa begins guerrilla attacks Wilson sends in military to find Villa without success

Panama Canal Roosevelt believed a canal through Central America key to American power Hay-Pauncefote Treaty: gave US exclusive right to build canal in Central America Considered Panama and Nicaragua Problem: Columbia owns Panama and refused to give US the right to build Panamanians revolt against Columbia, worried that their economy will crash without canal Philippe Bunau-Varilla of France plans revolt w/ US Support