1. Becoming a World Power
Chapter 12

2. The Imperialist Vision
A Desire for New Markets
Imperialism – the economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker nations
Europe in a period of expansion and imperialism
High tariffs reduced trade between industrial nations and forced them to seek new markets
Advanced nations also sought places they could invest capital
Protectorate – imperial powers allowed local rulers to stay in control

3. The Imperialist Vision
Feeling of Superiority
Social Darwinism – only the strongest nations would survive
John Fiske – argued that English-speaking nations were superior and would dominate the planet (called Anglo-Saxonism)
Josiah Strong – linked Anglo-Saxonism with Christian missionary ideas

4. The Imperialist Vision
Expansion in the Pacific
Forced trade with Japan beginning with naval expedition under Commodore Perry
Japan changed from feudal nation to industrial power as result

5. The Imperialist Vision
Annexing Hawaii
Hawaii was base for ships going to China and whalers
American missionaries arrived in early 1800’s
Many Americans established sugar-cane plantations
A treaty with the US established a naval base at Pearl Harbor

6. The Imperialist Vision
Planters pressured Hawaiian king to accept less power
The McKinley Tariff gave American sugar producers subsidies which made Hawaiian sugar more expensive causing the Hawaiian economy to fail
Queen Liliuokalani took throne and tried to reduce influence of American planters

7. The Imperialist Vision
The queen was overthrown by American planters who established provisional government
Americans requested US annex Hawaii
President Cleveland refused
Hawaii eventually annexed under President McKinley

8. The Imperialist Vision
Trade and Diplomacy in Latin America
US wanted to establish more trade with Latin America
Efforts were led by Secretary of State James Blaine
Idea of US working with Latin America was called Pan-Americanism
Although the Latin-Americans rejected the US offers they did join the Organization of American States (OAS)

9. The Imperialist Vision
Building a Modern Navy
As US became more involved in world affairs it became clear a modern navy was needed
Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan argued in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History that any nation seeking to be great needed a navy and with it bases in the world to support it
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, a powerful Republican, helped support the building of a modern navy

11. The Spanish-American War
Cuba rebelled against Spanish rule
Jose Marti – Rebel leader who gathered support in the US
Most Americans supported the Cuban rebels
Dramatic stories in US newspapers recounted stories of Spanish atrocities
William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
Yellow Journalism – exaggerated or made-up stories to attract readers

12. The Spanish-American War
Spanish established concentration camps for peasants
Cuban rebels attacked US business interests hoping US would intervene
President McKinley sent the USS Maine to protect US interests in Havana in January 1898

13. The Spanish-American War
February 1898 – a letter written by the Spanish ambassador to the US, Dupuy de Lome, insulting McKinley was printed in a US paper
The USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor

14. The Spanish-American War
Americans demanded war with Spain
Jingoism – an attitude of aggressive nationalism
Republicans especially strong for war – Theodore Roosevelt
Cuba declared independence and US went to war

15. The Spanish-American War
The US Navy, under Commodore Dewey, attacked the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay in the Philippines
Americans occupied Philippines with help from Filipino guerrillas led by Emilio Aguinaldo

16. The Spanish-American War
US Army unprepared for war
Rough Riders – volunteer cavalry unit led by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt
Battles of San Juan and Kettle Hills
The 10th Cavalry – “Buffalo Soldiers”

17. The Spanish-American War
As a result of Spain’s defeat the US gained Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines
Many Americans against annexation of Philippines
Filipinos rebelled against US – began long guerrilla war
Philippines gained independence in 1946

18. The Spanish-American War
How would US govern Puerto Rico?
Foraker Act 1900 – made Puerto Rico an unincorporated territory ruled by Congress
Puerto Rico today

19. The Spanish-American War
What to do with Cuba?
Cubans allowed to make constitution but US made conditions
Platt Amendment
Cuba could not make treaty with any other country
Cuba had to allow US military bases
US had the right to intervene in Cuban affairs

20. New American Diplomacy
Election of 1900 – William Jennings Bryan versus William McKinley
McKinley assassinated by Leon Czolgosz – Theodore Roosevelt becomes youngest president

21. New American Diplomacy
Roosevelt strong on US power abroad
US wanted strong Asian trade
Europeans and Japan carving up spheres of influence - areas where foreigners controlled economic development

22. New American Diplomacy
Open Door Policy
US policy towards trade with China established by John Hay
Wanted other countries not to interfere in China
Wanted fair trade for all in China

23. New American Diplomacy
The 1900 Boxer Rebellion
Secret Chinese society formed to throw foreigners out of China
Foreign nations worked together to put down rebellion

24. New American Diplomacy
Roosevelt negotiated peace between Russia and Japan - received Nobel Prize
Sent America’s Great White Fleet on tour of world

25. New American Diplomacy
Panama Canal
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty – US and Britain gave US right to build canal
US bought out failed French canal company
US backed Panamanian revolution with Colombia for canal

27. New American Diplomacy
The Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt and his “Big Stick” diplomacy
Roosevelt’s interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine
US would intervene in Latin America if stability in hemisphere was threatened
“Speak softly but carry a big stick”

28. New American Diplomacy
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
President Taft wanted to help Latin American economy and therefore help the US
Wanted to substitute “dollars for bullets”
US still militarily intervened in Latin American affairs