Introduction to Psychology: Learning Cleoputri Yusainy, PhD.

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Presentation transcript:

Introduction to Psychology: Learning Cleoputri Yusainy, PhD

Learning  Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism's behaviour due to experience.  Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence.  Associative learning is linking two events that occur close together:  two stimuli  a response and its consequences

Association

Mammalian brain

Classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

Classical conditioning   Learning to associate two stimuli.  Learning that a previously neutral stimulus signals the onset of a stimulus that produces a reflex action or respondent behavior (automatic responses to some stimulus).

Pavlov’s classic experiment

Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

Classical conditioning UCS (passionate kiss) UCR (sexual arousal) CS (onion breath) CS (onion breath) CR (sexual arousal) UCS (passionate kiss) UCR (sexual arousal)

Operant conditioning (B. F. Skinner)  Learning to associate a response and its consequences (= operant behaviour; voluntarily behaviour that operates on the environment, producing consequences).  Law of Effect  Thorndike’s principle that behaviours followed by favourable consequences become more likely, and behaviours followed by unfavourable consequences become less likely. 

Operant conditioning: Reinforcement  Reinforcer: Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

Operant conditioning: Punishment  Punishment: Aversive event that decreases the behaviour that it follows.

Classical vs. operant conditioning

Observational learning (Albert Bandura)  Learning by observing others.  Modeling: Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.  The Bobo doll experiment

Variations of learning

Learning and reward system memory-brain-reward-system-dopamine reward-motivated behaviour sensory information, memory, and learning