1. The Learning Perspective: Unit VI

2. The Learning Perspective Our environment and past learning experiences shape our behavior 2 views on learning –BEHAVIORISIM VS SOCIAL- COGNITIVE

3. Behaviorism Emphasizes the role of the environment on our behavior All our behaviors are the results of conditioned responses Omits silly things like your “mind” & “will”

4. Famous Behaviorists Pavlov Watson B.F. Skinner Dominant approach to learning until the 1960’s

5. Behaviorism Conditioning – a basic type of learning that involves associations between stimuli and the organisms response 2 types of learning –Classic conditioning & Operant conditioning

6. Social-Cognitive Learning Continues to recognize the importance of environment on our behavior Does not omit our thinking processes from our behaviors Expands on behaviorism to include –Cognition –Observation –Perceptions –Expectations

7. Social-Cognitive Learning 2 main types of learning –Latent and Observational learning

8. Behaviorism: Classical Conditioning It all started with: Ivan Pavlov

11. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. Unconditional Response (UCR): the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.

12. Conditioned Response (CR): the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response.

14. “Little Albert”

15. Behaviorism: Operant Conditioning A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment.

16. B.F. Skinner

17. Shaping A procedure in Operant Conditioning in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal.

18. Operant Conditioning Chamber – “Skinner Box” Conditioning

19. Reinforcer Any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior it follows. Two Types of Reinforcement: Positive and Negative

20. Positive Reinforcement Strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response.

21. Negative Reinforcement Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus A rat is placed in a cage and immediately receives a mild electrical shock on its feet. The shock is a negative condition for the rat. The rat presses a lever and the shock stops. The rat receives another shock, presses the lever again, and again the shock stops. The rat's behavior of pressing the lever is strengthened by the consequence of stopping the shock

22. Type of Reinforcers Primary reinforcers – function due to the biological makeup of the organism

23. Type of Reinforcers Secondary reinforcers – must be learned –Acquire their value through associations with established reinforcers –Money, attention, social approval

24. Punishment An event that DECREASES the behavior that it follows Does punishment work?

25. Reinforcement Schedules

26. 2 Types of Reinforcement Schedules 1. Continual reinforcement - Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs 2. Partial reinforcement - Reinforcing a response only part of the time

27. Partial Reinforcement Fixed-ratio Schedules - A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses Example: I give cookie monster a cookie every FIVE times he sings “C is for cookie”.

28. Partial Reinforcement Variable-ratio Schedule - A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. Example: I give Homer a donut at random times when he says “DOH!!!”