2. Learning

3. Overview F What is Learning? F Classical Conditioning F Operant Conditioning F Limits of Behaviorism F Observational Learning

4. What is Learning? F Relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from experience F How does learning happen? F How can we control it?

5. Classical Conditioning F Associate two events in the world F A behavior that is already part of the animal’s normal behavioral repertoire can be linked to other stimuli

6. Classical Conditioning Terms F Unconditional Stimulus (UCS): event that normally causes a behavior without any learning F Unconditional Response (UCR): behavior that results from the UCS without any learning

7. Classical Conditioning Terms F Conditional Stimulus (CS): originally neutral stimulus that causes a response after being associated with the UCS F Conditional Response (CR): behavior that results from the CS after learning

8. More on Classical Conditioning F Extinction: the CR will disappear if the CS is repeatedly presented alone F Spontaneous Recovery: the CR may reappear without further conditioning after extinction has occurred

9. Operant Conditioning F Law of Effect: associate behavior with its consequences – repeat what you did before something good happened – avoid what you did before something bad happened

10. Shaping F Successive approximations to the desired behavior F Allows new behaviors to be learned

11. Types of Consequences F Reinforcement increases a behavior F Punishment decreases a behavior

12. Add Something Remove Something Increase Behavior Decrease Behavior positive reinforcement negative punishment positive punishment negative reinforcement

13. Limits of Behaviorist Principles F Latent Learning –Tolman: cognitive maps F Observational Learning –Bandura: Bobo study –Mirror neurons