CH 23 The Age of Industry

The Industrial Revolution A slow process of change that began in England in the 1750’s where the means of production shifted from hand tools to complex machines and from human and animal power to steam power

What Was Life Like in Europe Before Industrialization? Agricultural Small plots of land owned or rented by families Large areas not fenced-off (village commons) Wealthy landowners controlled largely isolated rural villages Many diseases Life expectancy=40 High infant mortality No formal education Little trade DOMESTIC SYSTEM Coal mining in off-season

BEFORE THE I.R. DURING THE I.R. Domestic System: “Open field” System Factory System Enclosure Movement Define the following terms:

What factors led to industrialization in Britain? ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT: landowners were permitted to fence off private and common land to increase farming efficiency Small farmers were forced to move to the cities Abundant natural resources Lots of rivers and seas New farming techniques and technology led to improved quality and quantity of food which led to a population explosion Wealth from the colonies (capital-money to invest) Raw materials from the colonies

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Industrial Revolution 1750’s Agricultural Revolution Population Explosion New Technology Raw materials from colonies Capital ($) Natural resources Enclosure movement

New Social Structure Emerges Upper Class (nobility, industrial business people –super rich) Middle Class –(upper middle professionals, doctors, lawyers, businessmen, industrial capitalists) (lower middle-shop owners, teachers, etc) Lower Class- farmers, factory workers, peasants

Positive Effects Rising middle class More luxury goods available More food available Population increases Longer life expectancy Mass production of goods Improved transportation and communication Higher standard of living overall Women could hold jobs outside home More education available

Negative Child labor Dangerous factories Pollution Competition between countries increases Breakdown of traditional family unit Slums Diseases spread quickly in crowded cities Growing gap between rich and poor

Resulting from the Factory System: 1. Capitalism 1. Industrial Capitalism 2. Entrepreneurs 2. Cities/Urbanization 3. Mass Production 1. Assembly Line 2. Interchangeable Parts 3. Division of Labor 4. Poor working conditions 1. Child labor 2. Dangerous conditions 3. Long hours 4. Low wages 5. Growing divisions between middle class and working class

Groups push for change in England Anti-Corn Law League  Middle class industrialists that wanted the tax on corn and grain removed Suffragettes  Wanted voting rights to extend to women  Emmeline Pankhurst Chartists  Working class that wanted to extend voting rights to people without property, have a secret ballot, and salaries for Parliament Fabian Society  Wanted to improve society through parliamentary action

Governments improve conditions 1. Labor unions are legalized 1. Collective bargaining 2. Strikes 3. Leads to higher wages and improved conditions 2. Voting (suffrage) rights are extended 1. Reform act of Voting rights for men without property (by 1884)and eventually women (1918) 3. Government sets minimum wage and regulates safety conditions and working hours 4. Government provides unemployment insurance and accident insurance 5. Government sets up public schools (elementary and then secondary)

Industrial Revolution Domestic System Enclosure Factory Capital Urbanization Steam Power Child labor Entrepreneurs Assembly line Interchangeable parts Proletartiat Adam Smith Karl Marx Communism 100,000 PYRAMID