1. Industrial Revolution & Age of Reform
Urban Game Follow-up.

2. Revolution Begins 1st in Farming?!
Agricultural Revolution- Wealthy landowners began to enclose fields with fences and hedges
Called Enclosure Movement
Movement had two effects:
New agricultural methods developed
Small farmers forced to become tenants of larger farmers or move to city

3. Agricultural Revolution
Crop rotation was one of the most important developments
Farmers planted a different crop each year allowing the soil to retain its nutrients
Production Increased

4. 1st Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)
Definition – 1st - transition from making manufactured goods from home with simple tools to making them in factories with machines

5. 2nd Industrial Revolution (1850-1920)
2nd IR – a revolution in how goods are made & transported
1st – iron; 2nd – steel
1st – ships/wagons 2nd – railroads & steamships

6. The revolution begins in England; WHY?
Begins in England because: GEOGRAPHY
1. England had water power and coal to fuel new machines
2. Had iron ore to construct buildings, machines, etc.
Rivers gave inland access for transportation
Harbors from which ships could sails

7. Why England (con’t)?
In addition to natural resources, England had expanding economy
Strong economy was necessary to spur industrialization
Bank loans were available
Had growing overseas trade
England had all the FACTORS OF PRODUCTION needed for industrial growth
Factors = land, labor & capital ($)

8. Changes in ways of life Urbanization = growth of cities
: # of cities with 100,000+ people grew from 22 to 47
London became Europe’s largest city with over 1 million people by 1800
Living conditions:
There were no sanitary (clean) or building safety codes
Cities lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection (unprepared)
Entire families often lived in one room

9. Changes in ways of life Working Conditions: Class Tensions:
Average worker spent 14 hours a day – 6 days x work
Factories were dark and dirty
There was no health or unemployment insurance
Injuries were common
Class Tensions:
A new Middle Class developed
Made up of skilled workers, business people and professionals

10. Class Tensions
Upper class landowners looked down on those who worked for a living
Poor workers saw little improvement in their standard of living
Many workers were replaced by machines
Luddites: workers in England who rioted between
Would secretly wreck cotton power looms and wool shearing machines

11. Effects of Industrialization
Rise of global inequality – Widened the gap between industrialized (haves) and non-industrialized nations (have nots)
Gave rise to colonization and imperialism by powerful countries
Changed lives:
Life expectancy increased
Prices of goods declines
Education and participation in govt. was available to more people

13. Laissez-Faire Economics
Laissez-faire = “Let people do as they please”
LF= economic policy letting businesses governing themselves
Adam Smith & Co. argued:
Free Trade/Markets beneficial
Govt. regulations like minimum wage/high tariffs harmful
“Invisible Hand” or consumer regulates the economy (The customer is always right!)
Capitalism: economic system in which $ is privately invested in business with goal of making $ - corporations operate themselves with little to no gov’t regulation

14. Rise of Socialism
Utilitarianism: Philosophy where people judge actions based on its usefulness (basis for socialism)
UTIL = Govt. should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest # of people
Socialism: Economic system in which factors of productions (land/labor/ capital) are owned by the public (gov’t) and operate for the welfare of all
Socialists argued that the govt. should actively plan the economy rather than depend on free market capitalism

15. Communism Karl Marx & Fredrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto
According to Marx, the Industrial Revolution had caused a conflict between the haves (wealthy owners) and the have nots (poor workers)
Marx believed Capitalism would eventually destroy itself, because the majority (workers) would eventually revolt against the few (owners)
Workers would then decide to distribute wealth equally
Communism: Form of complete socialism in which the people (govt.) would control all factors of production and wealth would be shared equally (what separates it from traditional socialism)