Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution The many factors that led to the IR Chapter 19

Where did the IR Begin? In Great Britain (1780’s) Several factors contributed to making this the Starting place

1.Agricultural practices

Who invented the Seed Drill? Jethro Tull sprayed the seed out evenly as the Seed Drill was pulled across the field

Four Year Crop Rotation System & Enclosure Charles Townshend

More nutritious than grass! Nitrogen

Improved Livestock The years 1700 to 1770, had seen some interesting changes in livestock farming caused by the improved harvests and the introduction of the four year crop rotation method. Previously, most cattle and sheep were slaughtered before winter set in.

Robert BakewellThomas Coke Robert Bakewell and Thomas Coke, introduced selective breeding programs to improve the quality of the animals

The Dishley, or New Leicester breed long, coarse wool and produced a high quality meat The Longhorn a good meat producer Results of Selective breeding

2.Abundant food supplies Enough food was available for people in the cities Falling food prices meant more money to spend on consumer goods Healthier population which meant decline in death rate, especially in infants In the 18th century, the population doubled from 5 million to 10 million Results of having lots of food!

3.A ready supply of money Investors Entrepreneurs – “a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking, assuming the risk for the sake of the profit.”

4.Natural Resources Waterpower

4.Natural Resources – cont. Coal Iron ore

5.Markets Colonial empire Domestic markets What is this area referred to as?

Changes in Cotton Production Cottage industry – Cottage industry – Work done at home by individuals Work done at home by individuals Two step process Two step process Spinning Spinning Weaving Weaving

Speeding up production Flying shuttle – sped up the weavers A series of inventions to make the textile industry more efficient Spinners now needed to spin quicker! John Kay

James Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny 8 X’s

Richard Arkwright – Water frame Adds power!

Edmund Cartwright – Water powered loom

James Watt – improved steam engine Didn’t invent it!

Railroad George Stephenson – “Rocket”

Social Impact of the IR Changed the social life: Growth of population Growth of cities Two new social classes

Why the growth in population ? Decline in: 1.death rates 2.War 3.Diseases More food People were well fed Resisted disease

People moved to the cities for work !

Tenement – A rundown, low-rental apartment building whose facilities and maintenance barely met minimum standards.

Tenement - yard

Two new social classes 1.The Industrial Middle Class 2.The Industrial Working Class

Industrial Middle Class Made up of the people who built the factories & bought the machines Initiative Vision Ambition GREED !

Industrial Working Class Women & children made up 2/3 of the cotton industry’s workforce by to 16 hrs a day, six days a week !

Child Labor Children were especially useful around the factory machines.

Child Labor Coal mines

Child Labor Poor health conditions !

Child Labor Girls had little fingers to reach into the machinery

Reforms In 1831 Parliament set up a committee to investigate abuses in child labor. Parliament passed the Factory Act 1833 Which put restrictions on child labor Led to a new pattern of work