Memory
Interesting Video Color Changing Card Trick Color Changing Card Trick
Information Processing Encoding: The first stage of information processing. Receiving information through the senses EX: Typing into a computer Storage: the second stage of IP. Storing and sorting information in the brain EX: Pressing the SAVE button Retrieval: the final stage of IP. Acting on the basis of information EX: Finding and opening up your document
Encoding You are constantly bombarded with information from all your senses. You must narrow this down! Selective Attention: focusing one’s awareness on a limited segment of the total amount of sensory input EX: Color changing card trick Feature Extraction: Identification and analysis of specific elements EX: What parts of a conversation you remember Selective Attention Test
Storage There are 3 stages of memory storage: Sensory Storage: very brief (0-1 sec) memory storage immediately following initial reception of a stimulus Echoic: sensory memory for sound (about 1 sec) Iconic: sensory memory for vision (fraction of a sec)
Storage Short-Term Memory: memory that is limited in capacity to about 7 items and in duration by the subject’s active rehearsal Rehearsal: repeating items in short-term memory over and over to move it to long-term EX: Repeating vocab words Chunking: organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Often occurs automatically EX: Combining numbers in a phone number or social security number
Chunking 10 Seconds to remember all the numbers:
Chunking 10 Seconds to remember all the numbers: 1492, 1776, 1812, 1941
Storage Long-Term Memory: information storage that has unlimited capacity and often may last indefinitely With rehearsal and practice, we can store things in long-term memory The more we put into our long-term memory, the easier it gets to put things there!!! (Like a muscle) Implicit: procedural and conditioned memories Writing, riding a bike, fear responses Explicit: declarative, semantic memories The pledge, dates, famous people, sports stats
Retrieving Information Memories need to be “retrieved.” But there are a few different methods of doing it: Recognition: type of memory retrieval in which a person is required to identify an object, idea, or situation as one he or she has or has not experienced before
Retrieving Information Recall: type of memory retrieval in which a person reconstructs previously learned material Relearning: it is easier to learn things a second time and requires less rehearsal Forgetting: when interference makes it difficult to retrieve long-term memories. WE NEVER LOSE LONG-TERM MEMORIES!!!
Memory Video
Thinking Changing and reorganizing the information stored in memory in order to create new information. 4 Units of Thought:
Thinking 1. Image: a mental representation of specific events or objects Most simple unit Highlights of the original
Thinking 2. Symbol: an abstract unit of thought that represents an object, event, or quality Most common are words Stands for something other than itself
Thinking 3. Concept: A label for a class of objects or events that share common attributes Enables us to chunk large amounts of information Animal, liquid, music
Thinking 4. Rule: A statement of the relationship between concepts EX: cannot be in two places at once Most complex unit of thought
Lateral Thinking Questions