2. THREE MEMORY PROCESSES  Encoding – making a mental representation to be placed into memory (meaningful association)  Storing – placing encoded information into permanent storage  Retrieving – getting or recalling information that has been placed in storage

3. WHAT DO WE REMEMBER?  Things that are unusual involve you are connected you can see interest you

4. SENSORY MEMORY  Initial sensory process  Raw form information from the senses  Held for a brief period from an instant to several seconds

5. SENSORY MEMORY  Iconic memory holds visual information ¼ second (after image)  Echoic memory holds auditory for 1-2 seconds (What? / Repeat)

6. SHORT-TERM MEMORY  Working memory – holds an average of 7-9 items of information usually 2 to 30 seconds phone numbers, social security number

7. FEATURES OF SHORT-TERM MEMORY  Maintenance rehearsal – intentionally repeating or rehearsing information remains longer in short –term memory ○ phone number

8. FEATURES OF SHORT-TERM MEMORY  Interference – new information enters short-term memory  pushes out current information forgetting the phone number

9. FEATURES OF SHORT-TERM MEMORY  Chunking – combining separate items into chunks of information (social security number, combination lock)

10. PRIMACY vs RECENCY  Primacy – better recall of information presented at the beginning of a list more time to rehearse  Middle of the list is forgotten unless the subject stands out  Recency – better recall of information presented at the end of a list in sensory memory  example – going to the store game

11. LONG-TERM MEMORY  Storing unlimited amounts of information over a long period of time  Transferring information from short- term to long-term memory

12. DECLARATIVE MEMORY: EVENTS, FACTS AND STORIES  Semantic – facts, concepts, words, definitions, language rules (learned in school)  Episodic – knowledge of events, personal experiences, places, songs, activities (episodes)

13. PROCEDURAL MEMORY  Memories for skills (bike riding, tooth brushing, driving)  Memories for conditioned fears and phobias (snakes, spiders)

14. ENCODING  Automatic Encoding – transferring information from short-term into long-term memory with little effort and little awareness events that hold your interest and attention  Effortful Encoding – working hard to repeat information and make associations between new and old information elaborative rehearsal

16. PHOTOGRAPHIC MEMORY  Occurs in adults – ability to form sharp detailed images after examining a picture or page

17. EIDETIC IMAGERY  Photographic memory in children  Ability to examine and remember details of a picture  Only 5% of children / lost by adolescence

18. FLASHBULB MEMORY  Vivid recollections – detail of dramatic, emotionally charged events  Lasting memory (accidents, romantic experiences, President assassinated)

20. FORGETTING  Repressed Memories – mind pushes a threatening or traumatic memory into the unconscious usually cannot be retrieved sometimes implanted by therapists  Poor Retrieval Cues – problem with mental reminders we create to access information association between new information and already learned information

21. RECALL AND RECOGNITION  Recall – retrieving information with no external cues or choices EX: fill in the blank on a test  Recognition – retrieving information with external cues EX: multiple choice, true-false, matching test questions

22. FORGETTING  Amnesia –loss of memory may occur after a blow to the head, drug use, or psychological stress

23. INTERFERENCE  Forget information because related old or new information blocks or mixes up retrieval cue  Proactive interference – old information blocks new information “forward”  Retroactive interference – new information blocks old information “backward”

24. RETRIEVAL CUES  Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon  Unable to recall information from memory recall later in a different situation  Caused by interference

25. STATE DEPENDENT LEARNING  Easier to recall information when you are in the same physiological state as when you originally encoded information  Anger – produces angry memories  Sadness – produces sad memories

26. EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY MISCONCEPTIONS  Juries assume eyewitness testimony to be accurate  Juries assume confidence as accuracy  Misleading /biased questions by police  Distinguishing among people of other races  Stress of violent crimes over non-violent crimes  Photos of suspects before reviewing a line-up