2. Memory Storage Thru the 3 Basic Stages

3. February 5 th, 2009 Objective: Review memory technique Objective: Review memory technique Review chart (finish it now if you didn’t already!) Review chart (finish it now if you didn’t already!) Discuss memory techniques Discuss memory techniques Stations (hopefully we will at least get to start them!) Stations (hopefully we will at least get to start them!) Do Now: Do Now: RESPOND TO THE QUESTION - RESPOND TO THE QUESTION - Do we register every single thing we come into contact with? Do we register every single thing we come into contact with?

4. What is sensory Memory? Very brief memory storage immediately following initial stimulation of a receptor  Iconic (visual)  Echoic (auditory) This information is only there for a few seconds before it disappears unless we pay attention to it. This way we are not overwhelmed by all the information that we are constantly bombarded with!

5. How was this discovered? In 1960, George Sperling studied memory. He showed subjects 3 rows of letters each for 1/20 th of a second. The subjects were only able to recall about half of them.

6. What is Sensory Memory? (Continued) Sperling decided to change things up a bit. Instead of asking the subjects the name all 9 letters, he had them recall a specific group of letters by flashing them and immediately sounding a tone. Now the subjects rarely missed a letter!!

7. What is Sensory Memory? (Continued) This experiment displayed that for a brief instant, all nine letters were available in the mind for recall. This fleeting memory is called Iconic Memory (visual). If the tone was delayed for even a second, the memory was lost.

8. What is short-term memory Memory that is limited in capacity to about seven items and in duration by the subject’s active rehearsal  Maintenance rehearsal – repetition without linking meaning to it  Chunking – breaking into groups to make them easier to remember

9. How much info can we hold in Short-term Memory? In 1959, Lloyd and Margaret Peterson asked people to memorize three letters shown in a group. To keep them from practicing, the subjects were asked to count backwards from 100 by 3’s. After about 3 seconds, the subjects recalled the letters about half the time. After 12 seconds, they rarely were able to recall them.

10. Short-term Memory (Continued) This experiment displayed that without active processing, short-term memory is very limited. Short-term memory is also limited in capacity. It can only hold about 7+ chunks of information. “At any given moment, we can consciously process only a very limited amount of info.”

12. Let’s take a BRAIN BREAK… Look at each box and try to decipher the meaning of each rebus Look at each box and try to decipher the meaning of each rebus Try Stand 2 Jobinjob F F F R R R U U U S S S

13. So, how do we keep this knowledge from disappearing?

14. Encoding To keep info in our minds, we will encode it. This will be done either through the content of a sentence or through imagery.

15. Types of memory Semantic – knowledge of language (rules, words, meaning) Episodic – chronological retention of the events of one’s life Declarative – stored knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed Procedural Memory- permanent storage of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection.

16. Long-Term Memory Our brain has nearly limitless capabilities to store information. We only use a small portion of our brain’s long-term memory. Our brain has nearly limitless capabilities to store information. We only use a small portion of our brain’s long-term memory.

17. Mnemonic Device – Memory technique to remember and retrieve information. Elaborative rehearsal – linking new information to information already known Interference – blockage of memory by new or previous memories. Confabulation – filling in memory gaps Reconstructive processes - changed memories as a result of an individuals experiences attitudes, inferences Decay – fading of memories

18. Another Brain Break… (sort of) 1. When I forget someone’s name it is because it only made it in to this type of memory 2.What is the length of a dollar bill? 3.A memory of an event is called a …. 4.How many full moons are there in a year? 5.PEMDAS is an example of … 6.How do we get information into our LTM? 7.About how much can your STM remember?