1. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cognitive Views of Learning Chapter 7

2. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Elements of the Cognitive Perspective Behaviorism Learning is passively influenced by external events Research done on animals and humans Goal to identify few general principles that apply in all situations Cognitive View Learning is an extension of understanding already possessed Research done on humans Not concerned with general laws

3. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 The Brain and Cognitive Learning The brain is involved whenever learning takes place The brain shapes and is shaped by all cognitive processing activities Successful and unsuccessful processing shapes learning

4. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 The Brain and Cognitive Learning By age 7, most children can: Integrate the present with the past Anticipate the future Appreciate causality Rely on semantic categories Detect relationships between events and concepts

5. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 The Importance of Knowledge in Learning General knowledge General cognitive abilities Planning, solving problems, comprehending knowledge Specific knowledge Subject specific knowledge Math, science, baseball

6. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 Cognitive Views of Memory Information Processing Theory Sensory Memory Perception Attention Attention and Teaching

7. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Information Processing Continued Working Memory Duration and contents Retaining Information Central Executive Phonological Loop Cognitive Load Forgetting

8. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Information Processing Theory Sensory Memory Initial processing from five senses Very large capacity Duration between 1-3 seconds Information coded in sensory memory as sensations experienced (eg. Photos, sounds, etc)

9. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 Information Processing Theory Continued Long Term Memory Capacity, Duration, and Contents Declarative Knowledge Procedural Knowledge Self-Regulatory Knowledge

10. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10 Information Processing Theory Bottom-up processing Analyzing features of a stimulus Attempting to put pieces of a whole together to make sense of them See example on page 238

11. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 The Information Processing Theory Working Memory Workbench of the memory system Contains information the brain is working on at the moment Includes both temporary storage and active processing

12. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 The Information Processing Theory Elaborative Rehearsal Keeping information in memory by connecting it to previously held knowledge Maintenance Rehearsal Keeping information in memory by repeating it to oneself

13. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13 The Information Processing Theory Forgetting Interference Information entering memory is “interfered” with Decay Information in memory is lost through lack of use

14. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14 The Information Processing Theory Long Term Memory Capacity: Virtually Unlimited Duration: Permanent

15. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15 The Information Processing Theory Declarative Knowledge Verbal information, facts, “knowing that” something is the case Procedural Knowledge Knowledge that is demonstrated when we perform a task, “knowing how” Self-Regulatory Knowledge Knowing how to manage your learning, or knowing when and how to use your procedural or declarative knowledge

16. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16 The Information Processing Theory Explicit Memories Knowledge from memory that is recalled and consciously considered Implicit Memories Knowledge that we are not aware of recalling Semantic Memory Memory for meaning

17. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17 Explicit Memories Semantic Episodic Flashbulb Scripts Propositions and Propositional Networks Images Words Prototypes and Exemplars Schemas

18. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18 Implicit Memories Stop and Think p. 250 Classical Conditioning Procedural Priming Effects

19. Educational Psychology, 11 th Edition Anita Woolfolk ISBN 0137144547 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19 The Information Processing Theory Retrieving information from long term memory Spreading activation Retrieval of information based on relatedness to one another Reconstruction Recreating information by using memories, expectations, knowledge, logic, and existing knowledge