1. Memory Chapter 4

2. Flashbulb Memories : are extremely vivid and apparently permanent memories. are typically of highly emotional and personal events. are particularly clear when it comes to traumatic or shocking events. can also occur during an event that did not affect one personally

3. In a Flashbulb Memory: people can recall personal situations and whereabouts the recall is extremely long-lasting it can illicit visceral feelings more often rehearsed and reviewed

5. 97% of people can remember where they were on 9/11.

7. The degree of accuracy in the details of our recollection of 9/11 ( or any Flashbulb Memory ) are affected by: 1.Age at time of event 2.Physical proximity to event 3.Personal connection to event 4.Empathy toward event 5.Rehearsal and reviewing of event 6.Length of time since event

8. Defining Memory Explicit: also called declarative memory, describes memories that can be purposefully recalled and discussed. It expresses (explicate) specific information. Episodic: also called autobiographical memory, the memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual knowledge). Memories of events experienced or that take place in our presence. Semantic: general knowledge about the world; memory for facts and meanings, understandings, and other concept-based knowledge. Implicit: also called nondeclarative memory, the recollection of skills, things you know how to do, preferences, etc. Memories that you don't need to recall consciously such as how to perform a task or do something. It is the act itself. Involves skill, reveals habits, conditioning.

9. Defining Memory: Different Types of Memory Atkinson-Shiffrin Model 1.Sensory memory: the very brief memory we have for the sensations immediately experienced by one of the five senses: Iconic -visual Echoic - auditory 2. Short-term memory (STM): our temporary (although much longer than sensory memory) system for learning and maintaining information that we are currently experiencing or thinking. We hold information for up to a minute or so. Our short-term memory can hold unattended information less than 20 seconds. Working memory (WM) - memory capable of rehearsing and maintaining information in temporary short-term storage as well as retrieving and activating information from permanent long-term memory (LTM)

10. Defining Memory: Different Types of Memory Atkinson-Shiffrin Model (cont) 3. Long-Term Memory: storage of information that can leave conscious thought and later be recalled for further consideration; a more permanent, unlimited capacity system for storing older memories A stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage. Serial position effect: the tendency for our recall memory to be best for information that was presented at the beginning and end of a list and relatively poor for information in the middle. We tend to recall more accurately the first and last items in series Primacy effect: best recall of memory at the beginning of a list Recency effect: our better memory for the end of a list Chunking: the ability to remember five to nine items (7 items + or - 2) in a memory task

11. Defining Memory: Different Types of Memory Primacy and recency effects can be seen in other contexts as well. In a social context, primacy effect is also known as “first impressions”. In a marketing or public relations context, primacy effects can play a role in securing a positive reputation while the recency effect can play a role in the loss of a positive reputation.

12. Defining Memory: Processes of Memory: (3 stages) 1. Encoding: the process of forming an internal representation of what is being experienced via perception. We transform information into psychological code/format that can be represented mentally. The levels of processing (LOP) framework focuses on the processes that support memory. According to the LOP, deep processing of information results in better memory than shallow processing (such as skimming a book). LOP has exactly three levels of depth at which material can be processed during encoding: visual, phonemic, and semantic.

13. Defining Memory: 1.Encoding (cont): Visual encoding: remember as picture Phonemic encoding: remember as sound Semantic code: remember meaning 2.Storage: retention of memory over time by storing it. Which “memory drawer” do you want? How we categorize is important.

14. Defining Memory: 3.Retrieval: the process of searching for and retrieving a memory from long-term memory. Depending on the quality of our retrieval cues (clues, hints, or prompts used to retrieve memories) this process can be made easy or difficult. Recognition: identification of the correct information among several possible choice Free recall: when participants are asked to retrieve from memory everything they can Context-Dependent memory: memory is improved when we experience the same context. The context in which we acquire information can play a role in its retrieval.

15. Forgetting and Memory Distortion We use memory tasks to measure retention of memory or the lack of memory---forgetting: 1.Recognition 2.Recall: Why do we forget: Encoding, storage, or retrieval errors…..stress…. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Pi-DGKiLo8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKzUSfzqh5A