= compounds that contain CARBON (and at least one hydrogen atom) Organic compounds = ? = compounds that contain CARBON (and at least one hydrogen atom)

If you remove all the water from our bodies, over half of what’s left = carbon!

carbon is a very versatile element atomic # = 6 so… how many vacancies in outer shell? at each vacancy, carbon can form a covalent bond with another atom

CH4 = methane H C H H H

covalent bonds are _________ bonds. STRONG covalent bonds are _________ bonds. this means they store a lot of energy--- --- and release a lot of energy when broken! What are some common high- energy organic compounds??

carbon and hydrogen for high-E chains FOSSIL FUELS

Monomers and Polymers M monomer = single basic subunit polymer= a large molecule made up of many identical or similar monomers bound together M

Important Organic Molecules I. Carbohydrates = simple or complex sugars C: H: O ratio of 1: 2: 1 the most common simple sugar on the planet??? GLUCOSE (main sugar made by plants) types of carbohydrates: A. monosaccharides = 1 sugar B. disaccharides = 2 sugars C. polysaccharides = many sugars

A. monosaccharides: simple sugars glucose fructose galactose B. disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides linked together sucrose = glucose + fructose lactose = glucose + galactose maltose = glucose + glucose (from barley malt: beer) C. polysaccharides: polymers of many monosaccharides (can be 1,000’s) linked together

1a. storage polysaccharide of plants = STARCH POLYSACCHARIDES STORAGE & STRUCTURAL 1a. storage polysaccharide of plants = STARCH plants make glucose in the sunny summer  store some for winter by linking many glucose molecules together to form starch plants also fill their seeds with starch to help new plant get started: rice, corn, wheat

1b. storage polysaccharide of animals = glycogen also made of many glucose molecules linked together eat a meal  sugar in  need to store some  convert to glycogen where it is stored in muscle and liver cells until we need it “ carbo loading” before race

2a. structural polysaccharide of plants = cellulose makes up plant cell walls cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on the planet made of many glucose molecules linked together can animals digest starch?? cellulose?? cellulose = FIBER

starch and cellulose: made of the same thing, but differ in how the monomers are linked together

so… if animals can’t digest cellulose, what are cows & termites wasting all their time for? they have specialized, symbiotic gut bacteria that break down the cellulose

2b. structural polysaccharide of animals = chitin forms the exoskeleton of insects, mollusks, and fungi

Fat- has one, two, or three fatty acids attached LIPIDS Fats vs. Fatty Acids Fatty Acid- a hydrocarbon chain with as many as 36 carbon atoms and a carboxyl group at one end Fat- has one, two, or three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.

Fatty Acids can be… OH OH C=O C=O animals make: H-C-H saturated fats DOUBLE BONDS CAUSE “KINKS” animals make: saturated fats “saturated with hydrogens” plants make: unsaturated fats

monounsaturated fatty acids- unsaturated at one site (one double bond) these are liquid at room temp but solid when refrigerated ex. avocado oil, olive oil, peanut oil polyunsaturated fatty acids- unsaturated at multiple sites these are liquid at room temp and refrigerated ex. safflower, sunflower, soybean, fish oil, walnuts trans fatty acids (trans fats)- formed when unsaturated fats are partially hydrogenated (“partially hydrogenated soybean oil”) Raise LDL (bad) and lower HDL (good) cholesterol- bad for your health!

Found in high concentrations of fish oil, flax seeds Omega- 3 fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids with a double bond at the 3rd space from the end of the “tail” Found in high concentrations of fish oil, flax seeds Important in brain and eye development, cardiovascular health, and some evidence that it prevents some cancers

What makes fats go bad? Fatty acid molecules smell and taste bad on their own- when they break off from their triglyceride (through hydrolysis)- they cause fat to become rancid.

Fats generally get a pretty bad rap, but…. they are very important to life 1. per gram, fat yields over 2X the E as carbs 2. animals store E with fat  important to animals that can’t find food in the winter 3. fats are important in cusioning our organs 4. act as insulators to keep organisms warm e.g. whales, seals, penguins 5. fats are precursors to many important compounds in our bodies: cholesterol  estrogen, testosterone, vit D & make up our cell membranes

FIRST QUIZ Lectures 1, 2, & 3