2. Introduction to Biochemistry HD

3. “Chemical reactions underlie all physiological processes.”

4. Organic Compounds contain carbon covalently bonded
large - macromolecules
made by living things

5. sum of protons and neutrons
Atomic Mass
Atomic Number
sum of protons and neutrons
Number of protons
Number of electrons is equal to the number of protons
Atomic Symbol

7. C
– C – C – C – C – C – - C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C

8. Carbon can bond to 4 other atoms and can form chains of carbon.
These carbon chains are the backbone of organic molecules.

9. Types of Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

10. Basic Unit Macromolecule
Most organic compounds are constructed of basic units repeated over and over. These units are monomers.
Basic Unit
Macromolecule

11. When 2 monomers combine chemically the reaction often releases water- condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis.
Condensation of many monomers form a complex polymer.
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O12 + H2O + →
H2O +

12. Basic Unit
Macromolecule

13. When polymers must be broken down before the body can use them
When polymers must be broken down before the body can use them. Adding water will accomplish this - hydrolysis reaction.
ex: digestion
C12H22O12 + H2O → C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → +
H2O +

14. Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis Reactions

15. Carbohydrates

16. Carbohydrates C, H, O sugars, starches, cellulose, glucose
used for energy
C’s arranged in 5 and 6 sided rings

17. Basic unit = monosaccarides
one ring
C6H12O6
structural unit of others
ex: glucose, galactose, and fructose

18. galactose converted to glucose by liver for use by body cells

19. Disaccharides
have 2 rings
ex: sucrose, lactose, and maltose

20. may have thousands of monomers
Polysaccharides

21. Starch is a plant food storage molecule.

22. Glycogen
Stored glucose in animals
found in muscle and liver cells

23. Cellulose too large to be broken down by most organisms
found in the cell wall of plants
too large to be broken down by most organisms
for humans, provides bulk for feces “fiber”

24. Carbohydrates
Monosaccarides
Polysaccharides

25. Lipids

26. Lipids
C, H, O
usually have a “backbone” of glycerol with 3 “legs” of fatty acids - monomers
E” shape
provide concentrated energy

27. Examples of Lipids Fats - pads organs Oils – water proofs skin
Waxes – sticky trap

28. Phospholipids
Found in cell membrane and organelles

29. Cholesterol
Stabilizes cell membrane

30. Steroids
Male and female sex hormones

31. Lipids
Fatty acids
Fats, oils, waxes

33. Saturated vs. unsaturated triglycerides or fats vs. oils!!
Saturated: found in animals and is solid at room temperature
Unsaturated: found in plants and fish; is liquid at room temperature

34. How enzymes work