1. Organic Molecules -contain carbon-carbon bonds
-join together to form more complex molecules called macromolecules
-CHONPS are the most abundant elements in living organisms
(carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur)

2. Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical (or nearly identical) compounds joined together by covalent bonds.
These smaller repeating units are called monomers.

3. Making Polymers
Polymers are put together by a (building) process called dehydration synthesis.
In dehydration synthesis, two molecules are chemically bonded through the use of enzymes and the removal of water.
So, you build a larger molecule and take water away in the process.

4. Breaking Polymers Apart
Polymers are broken apart by a (destruction) process called hydrolysis.
Water is added, and the polymer is broken down into smaller organic molecules.

5. Carbohydrates
These are organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Occur in this ratio: C:H:O 1:2:1
They contain many carbon-hydrogen bonds. The bonds store a lot of energy.
Can be simple or complex.
The monomer for carbs are monosaccharides.

6. Simple carbohydrates:
These include monosaccharides and disaccharides. (sugars)
Can have as few as 3 carbons, although sugars involved in energy storage have six, such as glucose.

7. Complex carbohydrates:
Individual sugars link together to form larger molecules.
A disaccharide is two monosaccharides linked together.
Long chains of linked monosaccharides are called polysaccharides.
These are insoluble in water.
They can be stored in cells, which allows organisms to store large amounts of energy reserves.

8. Types of polysaccharides
Starch:
made of glucose subunits
amylose is simplest starch
it is a long unbranched chain
heating breaks long chains into
short pieces that are soluble

9. Glycogen:
long, branched polysaccharide
used to store energy in animals
Cellulose:
made of glucose subunits
linked in way that animals can't break down during digestion
found in cell walls of plants
Chitin:
Polysaccharide found in fungi cell walls and hard outer shells of shrimp, lobster, and some insects

10. Starch:
A polysaccharide that plants use to store energy for later use
Has glucose units joined together
Forms in grains that have an insoluble outer layer.
Digestive process breaks down starches into glucose units with the help of enzymes. Glucose then circulates in blood stream as an energy source.

11. Proteins made of long chains of monomers called amino acids
there are 20 different amino acids
amino acids are made of:
an amino group (-NH2)
a carboxyl group (-COOH)
a carbon side chain

12. the type, number, and sequence of amino acids determines which protein is made
The amino acids are held together with peptide bonds
every protein has a different shape
proteins can have up to four levels of structure that is formed by complex folding
the shape determines the function of the protein

13. Protein functions Proteins are involved in most body functions.
Structural
collagen: found in skin, bones, muscles,
cartilage, tendons
--keratin: found in hair, feathers
Enzymes
increase the rate of chemical reactions
regulate cell processes

14. Lipids -insoluble in H2O -soluble in oil -energy storage molecules
-more C-H bonds than carbohydrates, so contains more energy than carbs
-include fats, oils, steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones, vitamin D), and waxes (earwax and beeswax)

15. Lipid molecule

16. Fats monomer is made of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules
fats differ by the kind of fatty acids attached to the glycerol
There are two types of fats.

17. Saturated fats
the fatty acid contains only single bonds between the carbon atoms
usually solid at room temps
found in butter, cheese, beef, chocolate, animal fats and proteins, coconut and palm oils, and hydrogenated vegetable oils

18. Unsaturated fats
the fatty acid contains some double bonds between the carbon atoms
liquid at room temps (oils)
monounsaturated: contains one carbon-carbon double bond (olive, canola, peanut oils)
polyunsaturated: contains more than one carbon-carbon double bond (corn, safflower, soybean oils)

19. Nucleic Acids -made of monomers called nucleotides
-nucleotides have 3 parts:
-a 5-carbon sugar
-a phosphate group
-a nitrogenous base
-nucleotides join by covalent bonds to form nucleic acids
-two types of nucleic acids

20. ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP is a nucleotide with three phosphate groups.
It stores chemical energy that can be used by cells.
The energy is released when the bond between the second and third phosphate group is broken.

21. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
molecule has two coiled strands that interlock
shape is called a double helix
DNA encodes genetic information
chromosomes are compact bundles of DNA and proteins
genes are subunits of nucleotides in the chromosomes

23. RNA
ribonucleic acid
involved in making copies of genes