1. Macromolecules A Little More on Carbon, Carbohydrates & Lipids

2. Organic and Inorganic compounds  Organic compounds- consist of Carbon, Hydrogen and sometimes Oxygen  Inorganic compounds- do not contain Carbon (exception CO 2 )

3. The uniqueness of carbon comes from the fact that it can bond to itself. Carbon atoms can form long straight chains: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/10-organic.htm

4. Or as branched chains: Or as rings: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/10-organic.htm

5. http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/carbon-compounds/saturated-unsaturated.php

6. A carbon-carbon single bond A carbon-carbon double bond A carbon-carbon triple bond Neighboring carbon atoms can form double and triple bonds in addition to single carbon-carbon bonds Each carbon atom forms 4 bonds. As you increase the number of bonds between carbon atoms, the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule decreases http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/10-organic.htm

7. What are carbohydrates? Sugars and starches Used for: Energy storage Structural materials Made of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH 2 O) x 3 types Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

8. Question 1  Give 2 examples of carbohydrates 1.2.

9. Simple sugars – one _________? Function – major source of quick energy Examples: glucose, fructose, and galactose Monosaccharides

10. main source of energy Formula: C 6 H 12 O 6 Sources: ripe fruits, nectar, sap, blood Glucose vs. Fructose vs. Galactose Formula: C 6 H 12 O 6 Sources: Fruits Formula: C 6 H 12 O 6 Sources: Milk

11. Question 2 What do you notice about the chemical formulas for glucose, fructose and galactose?   All C 6 H 12 O 6 – they are isomers Question 3 What about their names??? They all end in ose

12. Isomer  Let’s make a definition for isomer…… Ideas?

13. Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides joined by covalent bond How does this happen? D ehydration synthesis (aka) Condensation reaction – water molecule released when bond is formed between two monomers Animation Example?

14. How are sugars broken down? Hydrolysis reaction – Opposite of dehydration reaction: water added to break apart bonds between 2 or more monomers

15. Examples: 1. Maltose (used in brewing beer) glucose +  maltose + H2OH2O 2. Sucrose (table sugar) glucose + fructose  sucrose +H 2 O 3. Lactose (sugar in milk) glucose + galactose  lactose + H2OH2O

16. Polysaccharides Polymer – large chains of monosaccharides Examples: 1. Starch – storage polymer in plants 2. Glycogen – storage polymer in animals 3. Cellulose – part of cell wall in plants 4. Chitin – used by insects, crustaceans, fungi Glycogen stores in liver cells

17. Exit Carbohydrates On a separate sheet of paper write down: 1. 3 things you learned about carbohydrates 1. 1 thing that is confusing to you

18. Please answer the following 1. What are the elements in carbohydrates and lipids? 2.What types of carbohydrates are there? 3. Give an example of a polysaccharide and what is it used for? 4. What are two types of lipids?

19. LIPIDS! Used for energy storage, protective structures Non-polar (NOT water soluble) Higher ratio of C to H than carbs (Ex: C 57 H 110 O 6 )

20. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The common categories of lipids are: Fats (triglycerides) - saturated or unsaturated Oils- liquid fat Waxes- protective/waterproof covering Steroids- Example: cholesterol and hormones

21. Common Lipids  Fats – triglycerides and phospholipids  Oils, butter  Steroids (sterols)- Steroids have a four carbon ring structure and a high hydrogen to carbon ratio.  Waxes-  Waxes- one long- chain fatty acid bonded to a long- chain alcohol group  ear wax  Leaf protective from water loss

22. Hydrophilic, “water- loving” head Hydrophobic, “water- fearing” tail C-H bonds nonpolar Fatty Acids Structure - Fatty Acids What makes the C-H bonds nonpolar?

23. Triglycerides ( most fat we consume is from triglycerides) 3 fatty acids 1 glycerol Used as energy storage. When you lose weight you want to lose triglycerides.

24. Question  1. What type of bonds are formed when Carbon is bonded to Hydrogen in the fatty acid chains? (Left side)  2. What type of bonds are formed when Carbon is attached to Carbon in the fatty acid chain? (right side)

25. 2 Types of fatty acids Saturated ALL carbons bonded to 4 atoms Unsaturated Carbons NOT bonded to 4 atoms Single bonds Double bonds Straight chainKinks

26. Saturated – solid at room temperature Examples: lard, butter, fats in red meat Unsaturated – soft or liquid at room temperature Examples: fish fats, corn oil

27. Question Is this a saturated or unsaturated fat? Why?

28. Phospholipids Structural fat used to build cell membranes

29. EXIT QUESTION On the same paper you used for carbohydrates answer the following: 1. What is the major difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? 2. Many people say fats are not good for you, so why not give them up? Explain.