1. Macromolecules A Little More on Carbon, Carbohydrates & Lipids

2. Organic and Inorganic compounds
Organic compounds- consist of Carbon, Hydrogen and sometimes Oxygen
Inorganic compounds- do not contain Carbon (exception CO2 )

3. Carbon atoms can form long straight chains:
The uniqueness of carbon comes from the fact that it can bond to itself. 
Carbon atoms can form long straight chains:
                                                                                                                                 

4. Or as branched chains: Or as rings:
                                                                                                                                 
Or as rings:
                                                                            

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6. bonds. As you increase the number of bonds between
                                                        
A carbon-carbon single bond
                                                     
A carbon-carbon double bond
                                                                 
A carbon-carbon triple bond
Neighboring carbon atoms can form double and triple bonds in addition to single carbon-carbon bonds  
Each carbon atom forms 4
bonds.  As you increase the
number of bonds between
carbon atoms, the number of
hydrogen atoms in the
molecule decreases

7. What are carbohydrates?
Sugars and starches
Used for:
Energy storage
Structural materials
Made of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O)x
3 types
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

8. Question 1
Give 2 examples of carbohydrates 1. 2.

9. Monosaccharides Simple sugars – one _________?
Function – major source of quick energy
Examples: glucose, fructose, and galactose

10. Sources: ripe fruits, nectar, sap, blood
Glucose vs. Fructose vs. Galactose
Formula: C6H12O6
Sources: Milk
Formula: C6H12O6
Sources: Fruits
main source of energy
Formula: C6H12O6
Sources: ripe fruits, nectar, sap, blood

11. Question 3 What about their names???
Question 2 What do you notice about the chemical formulas for glucose, fructose and galactose?
All C6H12O6 – they are isomers
Question 3 What about their names???
They all end in ose

12. Isomer
Let’s make a definition for isomer……
Ideas?

13. 2 monosaccharides joined by covalent bond
Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides joined by covalent bond
How does this happen?
Dehydration synthesis (aka) Condensation reaction – water molecule released when bond is formed between two monomers
Example?
Animation

16. How are sugars broken down?
Hydrolysis reaction – Opposite of dehydration reaction: water added to break apart bonds between 2 or more monomers

19. 1. Maltose (used in brewing beer) glucose + glucose  maltose + H2O
Examples:
1. Maltose (used in brewing beer)
glucose + glucose  maltose + H2O
2. Sucrose (table sugar)
glucose + fructose  sucrose +H2O
3. Lactose (sugar in milk)
glucose + galactose  lactose + H2O

20. Glycogen stores in liver cells
Polysaccharides
Polymer – large chains of monosaccharides
Examples:
1. Starch – storage polymer in plants
2. Glycogen – storage polymer in animals
3. Cellulose – part of cell wall in plants
4. Chitin – used by insects, crustaceans, fungi
Glycogen stores in liver cells

21. Exit Carbohydrates 3 things you learned about carbohydrates
2. 1 thing that is confusing to you

22. LIPIDS! Used for energy storage, protective structures
Non-polar (NOT water soluble)
Higher ratio of C to H than carbs

23. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The common categories of lipids are:
Fats (triglycerides) - saturated or unsaturated
Oils- liquid fat
Waxes- protective/waterproof covering
Steroids- Example: cholesterol and hormones
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23

24. Common Lipids Fats – triglycerides and phospholipids
Oils, butter
Steroids (sterols)- Steroids have a four carbon ring structure and a high hydrogen to carbon ratio.
Waxes- one long-chain fatty acid bonded to a long-chain alcohol group
ear wax
Leaf protective from water loss

25. Structure - Fatty Acids
Hydrophilic, “water-loving” head
Hydrophobic, “water-fearing” tail
C-H bonds nonpolar
What makes the C-H bonds nonpolar?

26. Triglycerides (most fat we consume is from triglycerides)
3 fatty acids
Used as energy storage. When you lose weight you want to lose triglycerides.
1 glycerol

27. Question
1. What type of bonds are formed when Carbon is bonded to Hydrogen in the fatty acid chains? (Left side)
2. What type of bonds are formed when Carbon is attached to Carbon in the fatty acid chain? (right side)
3. Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains, why?

28. Carbons NOT bonded to 4 atoms ALL carbons bonded to 4 atoms
2 Types of fatty acids
Unsaturated
Carbons NOT bonded to 4 atoms
Saturated
ALL carbons bonded to 4 atoms
Single bonds
Double bonds
Straight chain
Kinks

29. Saturated – solid at room temperature
Examples: lard, butter, fats in red meat
Unsaturated – soft or liquid at room temperature
Examples: fish fats, corn oil

30. Question
Is this a saturated or unsaturated fat? Why?

31. Structural fat used to build cell membranes
Phospholipids
Structural fat used to build cell membranes

32. EXIT QUESTION
What is the major difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
2. Many people say fats are not good for you, so why not give them up? Explain.

33. Please answer the following (write on separate sheet of paper)
1. What are the elements in carbohydrates and lipids? 2.What 3 types of carbohydrates are there? 3. Give an example of a polysaccharide and what is it used for? 4. What are two types of lipids?