Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids

Organic Chemistry originally the chemistry of compounds produced by living organisms in general organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, and usually other elements such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen

Electronegativity (Image from: http://www.britannica.com)

Homework, p.18 #9,8 In a bond between nitrogen and hydrogen (N-H), which atom will the electrons be closer to? Explain your reasoning. How do polar covalent bonds and non-polar covalent bonds differ?

Homework, p.18 #10 Oxygen plays a major role in biological molecules. Explain how oxygen plays a role in polarity, bond shape, (and redox reactions).

Polar vs. Non-Polar molecular polarity is determined by: polarity of bonds within molecule symmetry of molecular structure polarity of molecules or functional groups determines characteristics such as solubility

Image from: http://www. 800mainstreet. com/5/0005-009-polar-molecules

Homework, p.18 #6,7 How can the atomic composition and shape of a molecule affect its polarity? What effect to the polarity, size, and shape of molecule have on the physical properties of the molecule? How do these factors affect intermolecular forces?

Homework, p.24 #1,5 Water is a polar molecule. Explain how the polarity of water accounts for its lattice structure. How does polarity influence water’s role as a solvent?

H-bonding

Homework, p.18 #11 In what ways do hydrogen bonds produce attractive forces between molecules? Include a labelled diagram to illustrate your answer. How do hydrogen bonds influence the physical properties of water?

Functional Groups specific clusters of atoms attached to the carbon backbone functional groups react in characteristic ways, giving chemical properties to macromolecules, and are involved in most reactions in living organisms

Functional Groups Image from: http://www.bothbrainsandbeauty.com/academic-discussions/chemistry-academic-discussions/functional-groups-429 hydroxyl - in alcohols, carbohydrates, steroids, some amino acids phosphate - nucleic acids, ATP, some proteins carbonyl - in ketones & aldehydes sulfhydryl - some amino acids carboxyl - in amino acids, fatty acids amino - in amino acids

Homework, p.28 #4 Explain how functional groups influence solubility and the forces of attraction between molecules.

Macromolecules macromolecules are large molecules that are often composed of repeating sub-units some of the biologically important macromolecules are: carbohydrates -lipids proteins -nucleic acids

Carbohydrates carbohydrates are the most important energy source animals cannot synthesize carbohydrates; they must be consumed in plant material Image from: http://www.lifetime-fitness.ca/pages/meet-our-trainers/trainer-tips--nutritional

Structure of Carbohydrates carbohydrates are made up of either single sugar molecules, or chains of many single sugar molecules monosaccharides disaccharides oligosaccharides polysaccharides

Monosaccharides single sugars in straight chain or ring form C:H:O usually in 1:2:1 ratio (glucose is C6H12O6) examples: fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose Image from: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/bioprop/glucose.html

Monosaccharides some monosaccharides are isomers, e.g., glucose, fructose, and galactose Image from: http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/241f08/Lec-note/Biochem.htm

Disaccharides sugar molecules made from 2 single sugars formed by a dehydration synthesis (condensation) reaction See animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU Image from: http://mansfield.osu.edu/~sabedon/biol1020.htm Sucrose, maltose (malt sugar used in making beer), lactose (in milk), etc.

Find the sugars… Image from: http://amerthehammer.com/2010/12/04/understanding-ingredient-labels-todays-tip/

Polysaccharides oligosaccharides are shorter-chain sugars with 3-10 single sugars longer chain carbohydrates are called polysaccharides examples: starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

Polysaccharides Image from: http://www.yellowtang.org/chemistry.php

Lipids 4 groups: Functions: fats & oils phospholipids steroids waxes energy storage insulation absorption of vitamins raw materials Image from: http://www.herdaily.com/health/892/the-effects-of-food-additives-and-preservatives.html

Triglycerides most common type of fat glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chains See animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xF_LK9pnL0 Image from: http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/anatomy2textbook/phospholipids.html

Phospholipids key component of cell membranes 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains + 1 phosphate group phosphate end is polar and water-soluble, fatty acid end is non-polar Image from: http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/Bio-industry/Inex/

Phospholipids Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plasmamembrane/plasmamembrane.html

Steroids (Sterols) carbon-based multiple-ring structure used to make hormones such as estrogen and testosterone Images from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cholesterol_structure.png and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Testosterone_structure.png

Waxes long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols/carbon rings suitable as water-proof coating for plant leaves, animal feathers, etc. Image from: http://igiwax.com/wax-basics/overview/