1. SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids

2. Organic Chemistry originally the chemistry of compounds produced by living organisms in general organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, and usually other elements such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen

3. Electronegativity

4. Homework, p.18 #10 Oxygen plays a major role in biological molecules. Explain how oxygen plays a role in polarity, bond shape, (and redox reactions).

5. Polar vs. Non-Polar molecular polarity is determined by: –polarity of bonds within molecule –symmetry of molecular structure polarity of molecules or functional groups determines characteristics such as solubility

7. H-bonding

8. Functional Groups specific clusters of atoms attached to the carbon backbone functional groups react in characteristic ways, giving chemical properties to macromolecules, and are involved in most reactions in living organisms

9. Functional Groups

10. Macromolecules macromolecules are large molecules that are often composed of repeating sub-units some of the biologically important macromolecules are: –carbohydrates-lipids –proteins-nucleic acids

11. Carbohydrates carbohydrates are the most important energy source animals cannot synthesize carbohydrates; they must be consumed in plant material

12. Monosaccharides single sugars in straight chain or ring form C:H:O usually in 1:2:1 ratio (glucose is C 6 H 12 O 6 ) examples: fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

13. Monosaccharides some monosaccharides are isomers, e.g., glucose, fructose, and galactose

14. Disaccharides sugar molecules made from 2 single sugars formed by a dehydration synthesis (condensation) reaction See animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnn D3fMaU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnn D3fMaU

15. Find the sugars…

16. Polysaccharides oligosaccharides are shorter-chain sugars with 3-10 single sugars longer chain carbohydrates are called polysaccharides examples: starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

17. Polysaccharides

18. Lipids Functions: –energy storage –insulation –absorption of vitamins –raw materials

19. Triglycerides most common type of fat glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chains See animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xF_L K9pnL0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xF_L K9pnL0

20. Trans Fats?

22. Phospholipids key component of cell membranes 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains + 1 phosphate group phosphate end is polar and water- soluble, fatty acid end is non-polar

23. Phospholipids

24. Steroids (Sterols) carbon-based multiple-ring structure used to make hormones such as estrogen and testosterone

25. Waxes long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols/carbon rings suitable as water- proof coating for plant leaves, animal feathers, etc.