1. Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids
SBI4U - Biochemistry
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates & Lipids

2. Organic Chemistry
originally the chemistry of compounds produced by living organisms
in general organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, and usually other elements such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen

3. Macromolecules
macromolecules are large molecules that are often composed of repeating sub-units
some of the biologically important macromolecules are:
carbohydrates -lipids
proteins -nucleic acids

4. Functional Groups
specific clusters of atoms attached to the carbon backbone
functional groups react in characteristic ways, giving chemical properties to macromolecules, and are involved in most reactions in living organisms

5. Functional Groups Image from: http://www. bothbrainsandbeauty
hydroxyl - in alcohols, carbohydrates, steroids, some amino acids phosphate - nucleic acids, ATP, some proteins
carbonyl - in ketones & aldehydes sulfhydryl - some amino acids
carboxyl - in amino acids, fatty acids
amino - in amino acids

6. Electronegativity (Image from: http://www.britannica.com)

7. Polar vs. Non-Polar molecular polarity is determined by:
polarity of bonds within molecule
symmetry of molecular structure
polarity of molecules or functional groups determines characteristics such as solubility

8. Carbohydrates Image from: http://www. lifetime-fitness
carbohydrates are the most important energy source
animals cannot synthesize carbohydrates; they must be consumed in plant material

9. Structure of Carbohydrates
carbohydrates are made up of either single sugar molecules, or chains of many single sugar molecules
monosaccharides
disaccharides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides

10. Monosaccharides Image from: http://www. phschool
single sugars in straight chain or ring form
C:H:O usually in 1:2:1 ratio (glucose is C6H12O6)
examples: fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

11. Monosaccharides Image from: http://course1. winona
some monosaccharides are isomers, e.g., glucose, fructose, and galactose

12. Find the sugars… Image from: http://amerthehammer

13. Disaccharides Image from: http://mansfield. osu. edu/~sabedon/biol1020
sugar molecules made from 2 single sugars
formed by a dehydration synthesis (condensation) reaction
See animation:
Sucrose, maltose (malt sugar used in making beer), lactose (in milk), etc.

14. Polysaccharides
oligosaccharides are shorter-chain sugars with 3-10 single sugars
longer chain carbohydrates are called polysaccharides
examples: starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

15. Polysaccharides Image from: http://www.yellowtang.org/chemistry.php

16. Lipids Image from: http://www. herdaily
3 groups:
fats, oils, waxes
phospholipids
steroids
Functions:
energy storage
insulation
absorption of vitamins
raw materials

17. Triglycerides Image from: http://homepage. smc
most common type of fat
glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules
saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chains
See animation:

18. Phospholipids Image from: http://www. bioteach. ubc
key component of cell membranes
1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains + 1 phosphate group
phosphate end is polar and water-soluble, fatty acid end is non-polar

19. Phospholipids Image from: http://micro. magnet. fsu

20. Waxes Image from: http://igiwax.com/wax-basics/overview/
long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols/carbon rings
suitable as water-proof coating for plant leaves, animal feathers, etc.

21. Steroids (Sterols) Images from: http://en. wikipedia
Steroids (Sterols) Images from: and
carbon-based multiple-ring structure
used to make hormones such as estrogen and testosterone