1. Biochemistry
The chemicals of LIFE

2. Essential Elements: CHON
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen make up 98% of all living material.
C HOPKINS CaFe Mg NaCl
Make up 99% of all living substances

13. Polar vs. Ionized:
Molecules can have ends that contain charges without gaining or losing electrons
Polar molecules exist because atoms share electrons unevenly based on electronegativity
Ionic compounds will gain or lose electrons leaving different parts of their molecules with different charges.

14. 4 Types of Macromolecules:
Definition: huge molecules consisting of thousands of smaller molecules.
Proteins: thousands of amino acids
Carbohydrates: thousands of monsaccharides
Lipids: 3 fatty acids + glycerol
Nucleic Acids: nucleotides
Polymer: chain of repeating units.
Built through a dehydration synthesis reaction that removes a water to add a bonding site.
Broken down through hydrolysis reactions by adding water.

16. Carbohydrates: Always contain H,C,O H:O Ratio is 2:1 Uses:
C6H12O6
C12H22O11
C18H32O16
Uses:
Energy: main energy source within the cell
Building blocks for all amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleic acids

17. Examples of Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides: immediate energy
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Disaccharides :
Sucrose
lactose
Polysaccharides: large storage molecules
Glycogen
Amylose
Cellulose
Chitin

21. Lipids: Always contain C, H, O but much less O than carbohydrates
Fatty acid/glycerol polymer
84 fatty acids in humans
Found in fat, wax, and oil

23. Lipids Cont’d Above: saturated and unsaturated fat molecules
Right: the structure of a normal unsaturated fat and a trans unsaturated fats

24. Lipids Cont’d:
Phospholipids: make up the bi-layer of a cell membrane. Consist of polar heads and non-polar tails.
Steroids: hormones
Cholesterol: acts as a cement to hold the lipid bi-layer together

36. Proteins: Always contain C, H, O, N An amino acid polymer
Interactions between amino acids and hydrogen bonds give proteins their shape
Uses: Enzymes, Hormones, Hemoglobin, and Cellular Proteins

45. Nucleic Acids: Nucleotide polymer DNA: deoxyribose sugar with ATCG
Determine genetic traits
RNA: ribose sugar with AUCG
Carry important genetic information