The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages Chapter 9 The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages

Timeline

Land and People in the High Middle Ages Population Growth Increased security Agricultural production rises The New Agriculture Improved climate More arable land Technological improvements Carruca (heavy wheeled plow) New horse collar Power of water and air harnessed Three field-system Higher food prices Free peasants

Life of the Peasantry Activities determined by the seasons Religious Feast Days and the Church Lifestyle Wooden cottage Limited privacy Women Simple but nutritious diet Ale and the consumption of alcohol

The Aristocracy of the High Middle Ages Aristocracy: Kings, dukes, counts, barons, viscounts, bishops and archbishops Held extensive lands and power Men of War Warriors and the church Peace of God, Truce of God, Crusades Castles Aristocratic Women Childhood Powerful women The Way of the Warrior Training Chivalry Tournaments

Marriage Patterns of the Aristocracy The Politics of Marriage Men married in their thirties, women in their mid-teens Divorce and Annulment

The New World of Trade and Cities The Revival of Trade Italian Cities Ties with the Byzantine Empire Flanders Wool trade Fairs of Champagne Emergence of Money Economy

Map 9.1: Medieval Trade Routes

The Growth of Cities Revival of trade leads to growth of cities Many new cities and towns founded beginning in tenth century City dwellers need freedom not serfdom Charters of Liberties City Government City Council Regulations City Size

Fortified City of Carcassone – Southern France

Life & Industry in the Medieval City Life in the Medieval City Surrounded by stone walls and prone to fire Artisans and merchants Unpleasant environment Dirty Public Baths Women Industry in Medieval Cities Manufacturing Guilds Apprentices, journeymen and masters

The Intellectual and Artistic World of the High Middle Ages The Rise of Universities Educational Guilds Early Universities First University in Bologna – Law (c. 1158) University of Paris (c. 1200) Oxford and Cambridge (1208 - 1209) Liberal Arts Curriculum Trivium Quadrivium Lectures and Books Exams Bachelor of Arts Master of Arts Advanced degrees in law, medicine or theology Violence

Map 9.2: Intellectual Centers of Medieval Europe

Cambridge University - England

Classical Antiquity & Scholasticism A Revival of Classical Antiquity Interest in the work of Greeks and Romans Greek science and philosophy The role of the Muslim world Translations Commentaries The Development of Scholasticism Theology – “Queen of the Sciences” Reconciliation of faith and reason Abelard (1079 – 1142) Realists and nominalists Aristotle and Christianity Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) Summa Theologica

The Revival of Roman Law Rediscovery of the Corpus Iuris Civilis Pavia and Bologna Appeal of Roman Law Development of European Legal System

Literature in the High Middle Ages Latin Vernacular Literature Troubadour poetry Chanson de Geste The Song of Roland (c. 1100) The Courtly Romance

Romanesque Architecture: “A White Mantle of Churches” Explosion of Building Romanesque Style Rectangular basilicas Vaults Massive walls

Entrance to Saint Madeleine in Vézelay A Romanesque Church

Il Duomo, Florence’s Romanesque Cathedral

Abbey of Mont-Saint-Michel – Normandy

The Gothic Cathedral Ribbed Vaults and Pointed Arches Flying Buttress Stained Glass Saint Denis (c. 1140 – c. 1150) Communal Project

Bayeaux Cathedral in Normandy – A Gothic Church

The Gothic basilica at Assisi - Italy

Discussion Questions What were some of the factors that contributed to the revival of European society after the year 1000? What role did chivalry play in the lifestyle of the aristocracy? Why were Italian cities like Venice so important in the revival of trade? How did medieval universities originate? What is meant by scholasticism? What led to the transition from Romanesque to Gothic architecture?

Web Links What was it Really Like to Live in the Middle Ages? Medieval English Towns Knighthood, Chivalry and Tournaments Resource Library The Medieval Technology Pages Listening to Medieval Music The Abbey of Mont-St. Michel Images of Medieval Art and Architecture Medieval Universities