1. Europe, The Byzantine Empire, and the Middle Ages

2. Feudalism  System where nobles offered protection and land in return for loyalty and military service  Vassal -The Feudal Contract -fief  Knights -chivalry -tournaments

4. Manorial System  Manor- agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by peasants  Serfs- peasants legally bound to the land -labor services, pay rent, subject to lord’s control

5. The New Agriculture  Use of horse collars around the shoulders and chest, multiple horses  Horseshoes  Led to growth of farming villages  3 field systems -more crops grown

6. Medieval Cities  Stone walls  Fires were prevalent  Dirty and smelled  Water pollution

7. Industries and Guilds  Arts, crafts, leather, metalwork  Guilds -set standards for quality -fixed prices -determined number of people that could enter specific trade  What is an apprentice?  Journeymen to a Master through a masterpiece

8. Role of the Church  Bishops to Popes, the Roman Catholic Church  Monks -Monasticism -Saint Benedict and The Benedictine Rule -Missionaries -Nuns

9. Charlemagne and The Carolingians  AKA Charles the Great  Created the Carolingian Empire, most of western and central Europe  Messengers of the Lord King to inspect local districts  Promoted Learning in kingdom -revival of learning and culture -works of the Greeks and Romans -preservation of ancient works

10. England in the High Middle Ages  The Norman Conquest, 1066, William of Normandy, Battle of Hastings  Henry II -common law  Magna Carta -Limited King -Foundation for America

11. The Reign of Justinian  Justinian  The Body of Civil Law- basis of imperial law in Eastern Roman Empire, basis of legal system in all of Europe -AKA Justinian Code

12. Byzantine Empire  Capital of The Byzantine Empire -Constantinople -Trade -Building, Church of the Holy Wisdom, Hagia Sophia

13. The Crusades  Infidels  What was the impact of the Crusades?

14. Education  First university- Wanted to learn about law to apply to jobs, only men  Lecture- Profs read from a book then gave their interpretation  No exams! Oral exam after 4-6 years of study  Bachelor of Arts then Master of Arts  Law, medicine, theology – 10 years, Doctors Degree  Theology was the highest area of study

15. The Black Death  Most devastating natural disaster in European history  Spread by black rats infested with fleas carrying bacteria  Followed trade routes  1347-1351 38 million died out of 75 million  Punishment by God? The Devil? Jews?  Economic consequences

16. The Great Schism  2 Popes -Rome and France  The Antichrist? -Damaging to the Church  Church loses political power

17. The Hundred Years’ War, 116 to be exact  England against France for land  Battle of Crecy -1st major battle  Joan of Arc -Inspiration  Use of the cannon