1. Improvements in Farming
Iron Plow
The use of the Iron plow made farming easier and increased food production
The Horse Collar and iron horse shoes
allowed farmers to use horses rather than oxen to plow fields
Horses were faster and more efficient

3. Improvements in Farming
The Three Field System
Increased food production and made soil more fertile

5. Trade Improves Rise of trading centers Italy in southern Europe
Genoa and Venice
Flanders in Northern Europe

7. Trade Improves
Trade Fairs
Took place in towns where trade routes met

8. Trade Improves The Hanseatic League
Association of Germanic cities to protect economic interests
Protected traders from piracy

9. Trade Improves Improvements in trade led to Commercial Revolution
Increased use of currency
Banking and investment increases
Rise of Capitalism
Economic system where business is owned privately to make a profit
Competition is a key component

10. Growth of Towns
Trading centers and Trade Fairs led to the birth of towns
Walled and protected near the manor
King or lord granted charter
Setup the rights and privileges of a town
People governed and defended the town

11. Growth of Towns Many serfs left the manors and moved into towns/cities
Could be free in cities if they hid from their lord for a year and one day
Increased populations in towns
Towns were often overcrowded and dirty
Led to a decline in feudalism

12. Closure Identify one way that farming improved during the Middle Ages
What were trade guilds?

13. 2/26 Focus:
During the High Middle Ages, European society became more stable and made cultural gains in the areas of art, literature, and architecture
Do Now:
Identify one effect that the renewal of trade had on Western Europe

14. Trade Guilds Association of businesses and craftsmen
Set prices for goods, wages, and standards for quality
Apprentices worked for 3-11 years under a master
Strangers had to pay a toll to the guilds to sell their products in a town
Guilds took care of widows and children of deceased members

15. Results of Trade Improvements
Commercial Revolution
Growth of middle class
New jobs titles
Bankers, manufacturers, craftsmen
Rise of national kingdoms

16. Revival of Learning The University
Increased the flow of Greek learning into Europe
Goal of attending universities was often to get a job in government or with the Church
Helped to create a new educated class

18. Literature Literacy began to increase in Europe after 1200 AD.
Coincided with growth of cities
Authors began writing in the language of their countries rather than just Latin

19. Literature Epics and Romances were long poems that tell a story Epics
Often related to war and heroes
The Song of Roland
Romances
Love stories and chivalry
King Arthur and the Knights of the Roundtable

20. Literature The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer
Collection of stories about a group of pilgrims from various social groups
Provide a description of life in the middle ages

21. Philosophy Thomas Aquinas Studied the works of Greek philosophers
Aristotle
Attempted to use logic and reason to prove Christian teachings and prove the existence of God
Scholasticism

22. Architecture Gothic Architecture used to build churches
Used high spires and flying buttresses
Replaced Roman style of arches and domes

23. Architecture
The flying buttress allowed churches to be built much taller and larger window
Supported walls from the outside
Allowed for higher ceilings and large stained glass windows
Eliminated the need for columns

27. Illumination
The process of decorating a written manuscript with pictures or designs
Often used in religious text

29. Tapestries
Large wool wall coverings that depicted life in the Middle Ages

30. Closure Identify one example of medieval literature.
Identify the architectural style that developed in Europe during the High Middle Ages.
What were trade guilds?