1. The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages Chapter 9

2. Land and People in the High Middle Ages  Population Growth  Increased security and agricultural production  The New Agriculture  Improved climate and more arable land  Technological changes  Carruca (heavy, wheeled plow)  New horse collar  Power of water and air harnessed  The Three Field-System  Growing demand and higher food prices  Rents and free peasants

3. The Life of the Peasantry  The Importance of the Seasons  Holidays and the Village Church  The Peasant Household  Simple dwellings with little privacy  Family and the Role of Women  The Peasant Diet  Simple but nutritious  Ale and the consumption of alcohol

4. The Aristocracy of the High Middle Ages  The Significance of the Aristocracy  Kings, dukes, counts, barons, viscounts, bishops, and archbishops  A common caste with extensive lands and power  The Men of War  Defenders of society  Castles  Aristocratic Women  The strength of medieval queens

5. The Aristocracy of the High Middle Ages  The Way of the Warrior  Knights and knighthood  Chivalry = code of ethics for nobility  The Role of Tournaments  An alternative to perpetual fighting  From melee to joust  Church condemnation  Marriage Patterns of the Aristocracy  Establishing alliances  Age discrepancies

6. The New World of Trade and Cities  The Revival of Trade  Italian cities  Ties with the Byzantine Empire  Flanders  Wool trade  Fairs of Champagne  Emergence of money economy

7. The Growth of Cities  The Role of the Revival of Trade  Founding of New Cities and Towns  Dependency on surrounding lands  The Rights of Townspeople  Charters of liberties and communes  City Governments  Narrow definitions of citizenship  City councillors and regulations  Small cities laid foundations for urban society

8. Life in the Medieval City  Life in the Medieval City  The physical features  Surrounded by stone walls  The high value of urban space  The danger of fire  Residents: artisans and merchants  Unpleasant environment  Dirty and rife with pollution  Public baths and standards of hygiene  Women in Medieval Cities  Roles for wives, single women, and widows

9. Industry in the Medieval Cities  Cities as Manufacturing Centers  Guilds  Organizations for groups of craftspeople and merchants  Regulated the processes of production and membership  Apprentices  Journeymen  Masters  The “Putting-Out” System  Domestic labor and wages

10. The Intellectual and Artistic World of the High Middle Ages  The Rise of Universities  The Origins of Universities  Educational Guilds  Education and the clergy  Early universities and charters: Bologna – law (c. 1158); University of Paris (c. 1200); Oxford and Cambridge (1208 - 1209)  Teaching in the Medieval University  The trivium, quadrivium, degrees, and careers  Students in the Medieval University  Places of violence, socialization, and training

11. A Revival of Classical Antiquity  Renewed Interest in the Work of Greeks and Romans  Greek science and philosophy  The Role of the Islamic world  Translations  Commentaries  Ibn-Rushd (1126 – 1198)  Maimonides (1135 – 1204)  Guide for the Perplexed

12. Scholasticism and Law  Theology as “Queen of the Sciences”  Scholasticism’s attempt to reconcile faith and reason  Peter Abelard (1079 – 1142)  Sic et Non  The Problem of Universals  Realists and nominalists  Aristotle and Christianity: challenges  Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274)  Summa Theologica  The Revival of Roman Law

13. Literature in the High Middle Ages  An Outpouring of Latin Literature  Creative Literature in the Vernacular  Troubadour Poetry  The Heroic Epic  Chanson de geste  The Song of Roland (c. 1100)  Little role for women  The Courtly Romance  King Arthur

14. Romanesque Architecture: “A White Mantle of Churches”  An Explosion of Building in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries  Romanesque Style  Master builders and international unity of style  Features  Rectangular basilica shape  Vaults  Massive pillars and walls

15. The Gothic Cathedral  The Symbol of the Medieval Preoccupation with God  Features  Ribbed vaults and pointed arches  Flying buttress  Stained glass  Saint Denis (c. 1140 – c. 1150)  The cathedral as a communal project

16. Discussion Questions  What were some of the factors that caused an increase of castles across the landscape?  What role did chivalry play in the lifestyle of the aristocracy?  Why were Italian cities like Venice so important in the revival of trade?  How and why did medieval universities originate?  What is meant by scholasticism?  What led to the transition from Romanesque to Gothic architecture?