2. Europe Post Crusades & Late Middle Ages -An Explosive Era-

3. Economic Expansion Around 1000 AD Europe begins to come out of the Dark Ages. Towns, Trade, and Culture all grew as a result of the Crusades.

4. Important Advances Agriculture New heavier plows improve farm production. Increased food production Transition from oxen to horses… Speed. Banking Rise of Money Economies replaces the barter system. Leads to a common medium for exchange. Opens trade… further weakens the feudal system.

5. Growth of Towns Towns grow up along waterways and trade routes. As population grows so do towns. Townspeople build walls; first of wood, then of stone for protection Little or no sanitation…. Disease spreads fast… some become epidemics. Bubonic Plague of 1348-1350

6. Origins of the Bubonic Plague

10. Bubonic Plague From 1346-1350 plague ravages Europe Kills almost 1/3 of population in Europe Disease was transmitted by fleas on rats. Became known as the Black Death.

11. Rise of the Middle Class Burghers, Bourgeoisie, Burgesses. All mean people that lived in towns. As trade increases many townspeople begin to gain wealth and eventually political power. This rise further weakens the Feudal System

12. Education, Art, and Literature Universities become more secular, Focus on new ideas like law and medicine. Scholars rediscover ancient texts….Plato, Aristotle, & Muslim texts…. Shine light. Nations begin to embrace song and literature. Beowulf (E), Song of Roland (F), Troubadours- sang tales and songs across Europe.

13. Notable Authors and Works Aquinas Summa Theologica Dante AlighieriDivine Comedy Geoffrey ChaucerCanterbury Tales Herrad of LandsbergGarden of Delight

14. Architecture Gothic and Romanesque: Influenced by both Rome and Byzantine Empire. Mostly Churches and Cathedrals.

15. More Architecture

16. Romanesque VS Gothic

17. Stained Glass: a Gothic innovation

18. Hundred Years War 1337-1453 fought between England and France Conflicts stemmed out of land rights dating back to the Norman conquests. English had better weapons particularly the Longbow, which could pierce armor. Won several early battle ex. Crecy & Agincourt.

19. 100 Years War Map

20. Joan of Arc French fortunes were low after several large defeats. 1429 a seventeen year old girl appears at the king’s court. Says voices from god told her to save France. Inspires the army to win victory at Orleans 1453 War ends English only maintain Calais Coastal port city on mainland Europe

21. Effects of the War Victory gave France a sense of unity England was spared destruction (fought on the continent). Caused social unrest in England Hastened the decline of feudalism Use of longbow > knights un-necessary Growth of national armies.

22. Summarize the changes in each of the following countries during the 1400’s on your own. England, France, Spain, Holy Roman Empire, Poland, Hungary.