1. Medieval Society & Culture SS.A.2.4.7; SS.B.1.4.4; SS.A.3.4.4

2. European Growth 1000-1300: European population grows from 38 million to 74 million 1000-1300: European population grows from 38 million to 74 million Invasions of early Middle Ages stop, peace=growth Invasions of early Middle Ages stop, peace=growth Increased food production Increased food production Land clearing/swamp draining becomes commonplace Land clearing/swamp draining becomes commonplace 1200: Europeans have more farm land than today 1200: Europeans have more farm land than today Switch from two-field rotation, to three-field rotation Switch from two-field rotation, to three-field rotation Technology lessens work loads of people Technology lessens work loads of people Harnessing power of wind and water Harnessing power of wind and water Iron tools like scythes, hammers and nails Iron tools like scythes, hammers and nails Carruca: Heavy, iron plow able to turn clay soils Carruca: Heavy, iron plow able to turn clay soils Horse collar: ability to strap horses together Horse collar: ability to strap horses together

3. The Manorial System Manor: Agricultural estate run by a lord, worked by peasants/serfs Manor: Agricultural estate run by a lord, worked by peasants/serfs Lord’s land=1/3-1/2 of cultivated lands Lord’s land=1/3-1/2 of cultivated lands Rent paid by giving the lord a share of your product Rent paid by giving the lord a share of your product 1/10 given to the local church 1/10 given to the local church Serfs pay for using pastures, or fishing, but handing over a share of what was produced/caught to lord Serfs pay for using pastures, or fishing, but handing over a share of what was produced/caught to lord Land given to serfs, as homestead, cannot be taken Land given to serfs, as homestead, cannot be taken

5. Peasant Life Small houses, often one or two rooms, made of wood with straw roof Small houses, often one or two rooms, made of wood with straw roof Life based on the seasons, harvest time=busiest Life based on the seasons, harvest time=busiest Wheel of Life constantly spinning for peasants Wheel of Life constantly spinning for peasants Women must work field, and produce children Women must work field, and produce children Family’s survival depends on mom’s abilities as home-maker Family’s survival depends on mom’s abilities as home-maker Work for family, and lord, most of the year Work for family, and lord, most of the year Only days off are for Catholic holidays, feast days Only days off are for Catholic holidays, feast days 50 days total: Christmas, Easter & Pentecost biggest 50 days total: Christmas, Easter & Pentecost biggest

7. Medieval Cities Built behind expensive walls, land inside is valuable, tightly packed Built behind expensive walls, land inside is valuable, tightly packed Fires were big problem Fires were big problem Smell bad, human and animal waste, smelly people Smell bad, human and animal waste, smelly people Baths existed early, but closed due to nudity and plague Baths existed early, but closed due to nudity and plague Polluted air from wood burning fires/ovens Polluted air from wood burning fires/ovens Water pollution from tanneries and butchers Water pollution from tanneries and butchers Well water used for drinking Well water used for drinking More men than women in cities More men than women in cities Women could take over husband’s business, lead independent lives in the cities, not in the country/manor Women could take over husband’s business, lead independent lives in the cities, not in the country/manor

9. Industry & Guilds As trade increases, cities/towns become centers of manufacturing goods for trade As trade increases, cities/towns become centers of manufacturing goods for trade Craftsmen organize into a guild, or business assoc. Craftsmen organize into a guild, or business assoc. Tanners, carpenters, bakers, brewers, blacksmiths, masons Tanners, carpenters, bakers, brewers, blacksmiths, masons Craft guilds dictate manufacturing process, set price Craft guilds dictate manufacturing process, set price Guilds could set the number of people working a certain job, who trained them, where to work Guilds could set the number of people working a certain job, who trained them, where to work Craftsmen apprenticed around 10 years old, after 5- 7 years of learning, apprentice becomes journeyman Craftsmen apprenticed around 10 years old, after 5- 7 years of learning, apprentice becomes journeyman To become master craftsman, guild must judge a masterpiece To become master craftsman, guild must judge a masterpiece

10. The Village Church (The Parish) Feast days were not only church days; Sunday mass, baptisms, marriages and funerals Feast days were not only church days; Sunday mass, baptisms, marriages and funerals Village priest and peasants in constant contact Village priest and peasants in constant contact Village priests usually peasants as well Village priests usually peasants as well Basic job to teach peasants about Christianity Basic job to teach peasants about Christianity Because of little to no education, many peasants probably had little understanding of actual church teaching Because of little to no education, many peasants probably had little understanding of actual church teaching Appease God by bringing a good harvest Appease God by bringing a good harvest

11. The Rise of Universities Universities, from the Latin universitas, refers to the “corporation” or “guild” charged with educating a well trained workforce Universities, from the Latin universitas, refers to the “corporation” or “guild” charged with educating a well trained workforce First university in Europe started by Arabs in Salamanca, Spain First university in Europe started by Arabs in Salamanca, Spain First European university founded in Bologna, Italy First European university founded in Bologna, Italy Later, universities founded in Paris and Oxford, England Later, universities founded in Paris and Oxford, England Kings, popes and lords thought universities were good, and by 1500, 80 universities exist in Euro. Kings, popes and lords thought universities were good, and by 1500, 80 universities exist in Euro.

13. University Curricula Curriculum: course of study Curriculum: course of study Grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy all taught to first year students Grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy all taught to first year students Teaching done by lecture method Teaching done by lecture method Course of study=4-6 years for bachelor/master Course of study=4-6 years for bachelor/master After first degree, students could go back for degrees in medicine, law or theology After first degree, students could go back for degrees in medicine, law or theology Doctor’s courses could take up to 10 years Doctor’s courses could take up to 10 years

15. Scholasticism Scholasticism attempts to reconcile Christian faith with philosophical reason Scholasticism attempts to reconcile Christian faith with philosophical reason 1100s: Works of Greeks reintroduced 1100s: Works of Greeks reintroduced Church upset by contradictions to Church teachings Church upset by contradictions to Church teachings Saint Thomas Aquinas=most famous scholar Saint Thomas Aquinas=most famous scholar In Summa Theologica Aquinas tries to reconcile the Bible and other Christian writings with the knowledge obtained through reason In Summa Theologica Aquinas tries to reconcile the Bible and other Christian writings with the knowledge obtained through reason

16. Thomas Aquinas’ 5 Proofs of God ReasonReasoningConclusion Motion: All things must be set into motion, by another moving object There must have been something that moved first, on its own, setting all else into motion God is the first mover Cause & Effect: For something to happen, or exist, something else must cause it to do so There must have been one thing that existed before a cause God is the first cause, everything else is the effect Transition: All things are in transition between existing and not there must have been something that always existed, since there cannot be a time where nothing existed God is that which always existed Degree: All things are degrees of the perfect form (Plutonic Forms- Allegory of the Cave) For goodness to exist, there must be a perfect, complete goodness, from which all other goodness comes God is the complete goodness Design: The world is too perfectly ordered, for it to have come from chaos without a plan There must have been a designer for the world, and all the things in it God is the ultimate designer

17. Vernacular Literature Latin was the language of religion and education, the universal language of Europe Latin was the language of religion and education, the universal language of Europe Literature starts being written in the vernacular, or language of the people in a particular region Literature starts being written in the vernacular, or language of the people in a particular region Becomes more popular as more education leads to more people looking for entertainment Becomes more popular as more education leads to more people looking for entertainment Troubadour poetry were mostly love poems by nobles and knights Troubadour poetry were mostly love poems by nobles and knights Chanson de Geste: Heroic epics Chanson de Geste: Heroic epics

18. Medieval Architecture Early Christian: (top center) Long rectangular shape used in Roman basilicas, utilizing a flat roof. Romanesque: (top right) Uses the same Roman basilica style as earlier churches, but with rounded, vaulted ceilings Gothic: (bottom right) Uses flying buttresses to prop up taller buildings, giving them the illusion of upward movement.

19. Do Now: On page 322, write and answer questions 1, 2 and 5