World geography Sept. 26, 2014

Today Migration (part 2) - (brief) Review of pt. 1 - Where are people going? - Government and migration

Migration Movement that results in permanent relocation across significant distances. - Can involve an individual, household, or larger group to a new location outside the community of origin. - The mover(s) may never return home.

Types of migration International Migration – also called external migration. Move from one country to another. When someone migrates out of a country = emigrant. When someone migrates into a country = immigrant. Internal Migration – move within a country.

Reasons for migrating – Push & Pull Push factors – factors in “leaving” a place. - usually more accurately perceived. Pull factors – factors in “going” to a place. - often vague (sometimes “fantasy”)  related to distance decay: farther you move away from your origin, may be harder to function in your new home. e.g. – culture, language.

Reasons for migrating – Push & Pull - Economic conditions - Power relationships (gender, ethnicity, money) - Political circumstances - Armed conflict, civil war - Environmental conditions - Culture and traditions - Technological advances

Reasons for migrating Kinship links – family or friends find success in foreign land, motivates you to do the same there. Chain Migration – kinship links expand, chains of family and friends communicate to others from their original homeland to migrate over. Groups of people migrate. Immigration waves – swells in migration from one origin to the same destination. e.g. Turkish migration to Germany (1960’s, 1970’s)

Push-pull factors “cases” Name: Country of origin: Wants to emigrate to: Notes:

Push-pull factors “cases” Name: Javier Country of origin: Mexico Wants to emigrate to: U.S.A. Notes: - 25 years old, single (unmarried) High school education 6 years experience as a construction worker Wants a job in American construction industry

Push-pull factors “cases” Name: Veejay Country of origin: India Wants to emigrate to: Japan Notes: - 34 years old, married w/2 children (5 and 3 years old) - Education: Graduate degree (Master’s degree) - Current job: software engineer for medium size company - Frustrated with current wages

Push-pull factors “cases” Name: Mary-Grace Country of origin: The Philippines Wants to emigrate to: Canada Notes: - 23 years old, unmarried - Current job: Nurse (bachelor degree in nursing) - Supports both parents and a brother who does not work

Push-pull factors “cases” Name: Ahmed Country of origin: Syria Wants to emigrate to: Turkey Notes: - 43 years old, married with 4 children (5, 11, 13, 15) - Farmer, lives in conflict zone - Cousins and aunts are in Turkey

Push-pull factors “cases” Name: Timmy Timmons Country of origin: Canada Wants to emigrate to: South Korea Notes: - 26 years old, single - Recently graduated from university (bachelor in theatre) - Student loan debt: $36,000, unemployed - Wants to teach English in an academy, several high school friends teach in Busan.

Where do people migrate? Top 10 destinations (from 1960 – 2013) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Where do people migrate? Top 10 destinations (from 1960 – 2013) 1. U.S.A. – 45,000,000 2. Russia – 11,000,000 3. Germany – 9.8 million 4. Saudi Arabia – 9,000,000 5. United Arab Emirates (UAE) – 7.8 million (~84% of popn.) 6. United Kingdom 7. France 8. Canada 9. Australia 10. Spain

Where do people migrate? Stats for highest immigration Interactive website: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/international-migration-statistics Where people are migrating from to these places?

Major Global Migration Flows (before 1950)

Current migration routes

U.S. migration 2013 To get a sense: 990,553 migrants granted permanent residence in 2013. - 40% born in Asia - 32% born in North America (Mexico, Central America, Canada) - 14% born in Mexico - 7.2% born in China - 6.9% born in India - 5.5% born in the Phillipines

Germany migration 2012 More than 500,000 migrants in 2012. Poland Romania Bulgaria Hungary Greece Italy Spain Portugal

UAE: Foreign-born population

Regional migration flows Migration to neighboring countries  For short term economic opportunities  To reconnect with cultural groups across borders  To flee political conflict or war

Migration for economic opportunity Example: Chinese migration in late 1800s and 1900s throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance

Continent/Country Overseas Chinese Population % of local population % of Global Overseas Chinese Asia 52,390,000 (1998) 0.7% 83.7% POP. Malaysia 7.59 million (2006) 33% 12.1% Indonesia 7.3 million (2003) 3.1% 11.7% Thailand 12% Singapore 2.7 million (2005) (Source) 75.6% 4.3% Vietnam 2.3 million (2003) 3% 3.7% Philippines 1.5 million (2004) 2% 2.4% Myanmar 1.3 million (2003) 2.1% Japan 175,000 (2003) 0.1% 0.3% Cambodia 150,000 (2003) 1.2% 0.2% South Korea 100,000 (2003) 0.16% Laos 50,000 (2003) 1% North Korea Brunei 46,300 (1999) (Source) 15.2%

Migration to reconnect with cultural groups Migration of about 700,000 Jews to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948. Forced migration of 600,000 Palestinian Arabs after 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine)

Migration Israel - Jewish people have been migrating for years. - Rome expelled them from their holy land because of revolts. - Jews migrated throughout North Africa and Europe.  Middle ages, many Jews were persecuted. - Poland became a haven for Jews from Middle ages until WWII when Nazi invade.

Jewish Migration Middle Ages Rome Victory St. Louis Ship. Jews on board set off to Cuba, turned away by fascist govt. USA turns away too. Coast Guard scoops up overboard passengers.

Migration Israel After WWII the nation of Israel was created. Wars and fighting have occurred there ever since. Many Jews have migrated to the original borders and settlements that Israel has gained in the past years.

Internal migration E.g. 1 Mexico: Huichol Indians are moving to northern Mexico where migration to the U.S. has created labor shortages. E.g. 2 China: Government-stimulated mass migration to urban centers (and creation of new urban centers). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzBa947k2yY

Guest workers Migrants allowed into a country to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides.  Have short term work visas  Send remittances to home country

Guest workers E.g. Guest workers + migrants from the Philippines. - 2010: approx. 9,000,000, globally - Remittance amount: $15.8 billion ($15,800,000,000)  approx. 11% of the Philippines economy. World wide total: $436 billion expected in 2014

Guest workers World wide total: $436 billion expected in 2014. In Nepal, foreign remittances are double the revenues from exports. In Uganda, double the income from coffee (main export).

Refugees People who flee across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion

Refugees

Refugees Current global figure: - more than 50,000,000 people.

Regions of dislocation Subsaharan Africa North Africa and Southwest Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Europe Syrian crisis timeline: http://syrianrefugees.eu/?page_id=163

Syrian refugees Currently, approx. 3 million

Sudan (Darfur region) > 500,000 refugees, 2.3 million people displaced.

Rwandan refugees > 2 million (many still refuse to return)

Afghanistan - Due to ongoing conflicts, massive numbers of refugees. - Over the past 12 years, approx. 5,700,000 refugees have RETURNED to Afghanistan.  Leading to a 25% population increase.

Afghanistan Today: approx. 440,000 internally displaced, 1.8 million refugees between Iran, Pakistan (and several others).

Governments and migration Immigration laws U.S. history: Little restriction Quotas by nationality Selective immigration “Pay to go” programs

Controlling measures Hadrian’s Wall

Controlling measures

Controlling measures Mexico – U.S. border (3,169 km)

Controlling measures Israel: Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law - Age restrictions on automatic granting of Israeli citizenship and residency for Israeli citizens’ spouses. - Restricts citizenship and residence of Palestinian men over 35 and women over 25.

Governments and migration Of course, governments are not only focused on keeping people out.  Immigration incentives - e.g. Australia: assistance programs, increased granting of permanent residency, points system for skilled professionals. Canada: tax breaks for companies hiring immigrants, work visas for immigrant graduates of Canadian universities. Malaysia: “Malaysia My Second Home” program – encouraging long-term (up to 10 years) visas.

Cultural effects of migration Example: Migrants develop communities in foreign countries. Little Havana – Miami, USA

Cultural effects of migration Example: Migrants develop communities in foreign countries. Little India – Georgetown, Malaysia

Cultural effects of migration Example: Migrants develop communities in foreign countries. China Town– New York, U.S.A.

Cultural effects of migration Example: Migrants develop communities in foreign countries. Korea Town – Toronto, Canada

Cultural effects of migration Example: Migrants develop communities in foreign countries. Itaewon – Seoul, South Korea

Cultural effects of migration - Language - Food - Music - Religion

Before next class Do the reading for the next unit (Culture)